Archive for August, 2008

Pepper & FUCHS KFD

DC repeater without auxiliary power
KFD0-CS-Ex1.53

1-channel, Transmission range: 0 mA … 40 mA, Low voltage drop, Accuracy 1 %, Output EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in zone 2, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: loop powered, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 0-40 mA, Safe area: 0-40 mA, Transfer direction: to the field

Solenoid drivers
KFD2-VM-Ex1.3*

Explosion protection: Ex input

DC repeater without auxiliary power
KFD0-CS-Ex2.53

2-channel, Transmission range: 0 mA … 40 mA, Low voltage drop, Accuracy 1 %, Output EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in zone 2, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: loop powered, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 0-40 mA, Safe area: 0-40 mA, Transfer direction: to the field

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-ST-Ex2

2-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC nominal supply voltage, Reversible mode of operation, Lead breakage (LB) monitoring and short-circuit (SC) monitoring, 1 active electronic output per channel, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output: Transistor, Explosion protection: Ex input

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-SOT-Ex1

1-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC nominal supply voltage, Reversible mode of operation, Lead breakage (LB) monitoring and short-circuit (SC) monitoring, 1 passive electronic output, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output: Optocoupler, Explosion protection: Ex input

Thermometer resistance repeater
KFD2-RR-Ex1

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in zone 2, 24 V DC supply voltage, Accuracy 0.1 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: Resistance, Safe area: Resistance, Transfer direction: to the control system

DC repeater without auxiliary power
KFD0-CS-Ex2.52

Transmission range: 4 mA … 20 mA, Accuracy 0.1 %, Input EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in zone 2, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Rated voltage: loop powered, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 4-20 mA, Safe area: 4-20 mA, Transfer direction: To the control system

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-ST-Ex1

1-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC nominal supply voltage, Reversible mode of operation, Lead breakage (LB) monitoring and short-circuit (SC) monitoring, 2 active electronic outputs, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output: Transistor, Explosion protection: Ex input

Switch Amplifier
KFD2-SOT-Ex2

2-channel isolated barrier, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), Isolated dry contacts or NAMUR inputs, Isolated passive transistor output, Line fault detection (LFD), Reversible mode of operation, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output: Optocoupler, Explosion protection: Ex input

DC repeater without auxiliary power
KFD0-CS-Ex1.52

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-SR2-2.2S

2-channel, Reversible mode of operation, 1 relay output per channel with 2 NO contatcs each, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, LB/SC monitoring, LB/SC collective error message via Power Rail, Usable up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508

Electrode relay
KFD2-ER-1.W.LB

1-channel, Relay for conductive limit value detection, Minimum/maximum control, On/off control system, Open/closed circuit current principle switchable, LB monitoring, LB collective error message via Power Rail, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-SR2-Ex2.2S

2-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Reversible mode of operation, 1 relay output per channel with 2 NO contatcs each, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, LB/SC monitoring, LB/SC collective error message via Power Rail, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: relay, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex input

Electrode relay
KFD2-ER-Ex1.W.LB

Solenoid driver
KFD2-VM-Ex1.35.L

1-channel, 3 logic inputs, Service bridging of the output by front connector, Output EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC nominal supply voltage, LED signalling of the switch state, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: with prelogic, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Output rated operating current: 17 mA

Transmitter power supply
KFD2-CR4-Ex2

2-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.2 V, Device installation permissible in zone 2, 24 V DC supply voltage, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/4 … 20 mA, Explosion protection: Ex input

Repeater
KFD0-CS-Ex2.54

2-channel isolated barrier, 24 V DC supply (loop powered), SMART fire alarm input, Current input 1 mA … 20 mA, Rated voltage: loop powered, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 4-20 mA, Safe area: 4-20 mA, Transfer direction: to the field

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-SR-Ex2

2-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC rated operational voltage, Reversible mode of operation, Lead breakage (LB) monitoring and short-circuit (SC) monitoring, 1 signal output per channel with 1 NO, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output: relay, Explosion protection: Ex input

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-SR-Ex1.4S.LK

1-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC supply voltage, Reversible mode of operation, Adjustable pulse extension, Lead breakage (LB) monitoring and short-circuit (SC) monitoring, 4 signal outputs, 1 NO contact each, Error message output, NO contact, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output: relay, Explosion protection: Ex-Input

Solenoid driver
KFD0-SD2-Ex2.1245

2-channel, Output EEx ia IIC, Up to SIL3 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: loop powered, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Output rated operating current: 45 mA

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-SRT-Ex1

1-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC nominal supply voltage, Reversible mode of operation, Lead breakage (LB) monitoring and short-circuit (SC) monitoring, 1 active electronic output, 1 relay output, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output: Relay + Transistor, Explosion protection: Ex input

Label carrier
KFD0-LC1-XXX

For additional labeling (measuring station numbers, signal names etc.) of the K-modules in the control cabinet , Length up to 500 mm

Label carrier
KFD0-LC1-YYY

For additional labeling (measuring station numbers, signal names etc.) of the K-modules in the control cabinet , Length 510 mm … 1000 mm

Electrode relay
KFD2-ER-1.6

1-channel, Relay for conductive limit value detection, Adjustable sensitivity, Measuring circuit in acc. with VDE 0100 part 410 ‘Funktionskleinspannung’, Minimum/maximum control, Open/closed circuit current principle switchable, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, This model replaces KHA6-ER-1.* and HR-122620

Electrode relay
KFD2-ER-1.5

Overspeed/underspeed monitor
KFD2-DWB-1.D

1-channel, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), Dry contacts or NAMUR inputs, Frequency up to 12 kHz/720 krpm, 2 relay contact outputs, Start-up override, Line fault detection, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Function (P2P): Limit value, Output: 2 x 1 Changeover contact, SIL/IEC 61508, Display

Overspeed/underspeed monitor
KFD2-DWB-Ex1.D

1-channel, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), Dry contacts or NAMUR inputs, Frequency up to 5 kHz/300 krpm, 2 relay contact outputs, Start-up override, Line fault detection, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Function (P2P): Limit value, Output: 2 x 1 Changeover contact, SIL/IEC 61508, Display, Explosion protection: Ex input

Isolated switch amplifier, timer relay
KFD2-DU-Ex1.D

1-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Switching amplifier with timing, Maximum input frequency 80 Hz, 1 relay output, 1 potential-free electronic output, Pulse divider up to 1 kHz, Time function: one shot output, one shot output retrigger, pulse extension, pulse limitation , on-delay, off-delay, auxiliary switch, Time range of the output function from 10 ms … 60 min, Reset function, Parameterisation via control panel, Lead breakage (LB) monitoring and short-circuit (SC) monitoring, Input: NAMUR sensor

Transmitter power supply
KFD2-CR4-2

2-channel, Device installation permissible in zone 2, 24 V DC supply voltage, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/4 … 20 mA

Transmitter Power Supply
KFD2-CR4-1

1-channel signal conditioner, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), 2-wire transmitters or current sources, Output 0/4 mA … 20 mA, Accuracy 0.1 %, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/4 … 20 mA, Input, current source

Temperature Trip Value
KFD2-GU-Ex1

1-channel isolated barrier, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), Thermocouple, RTD, voltage or current input, 2 relay contact outputs, Programmable high/low alarm, Configurable by PACTware TM, Sensor burnout detection, Rated voltage: 19 … 35 V DC, Output: 2 x 1 Changeover contact, Explosion protection: Ex input

Transmitter supply isolator
KFD2-CR-1.300

1-channel, 24 V DC supply voltage, Galvanic isolated measuring circuits, Output: allowable load <= 1 kOmega, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output signal: 0 … 20 mA / 4 … 20 mA, Input, current source

Transmitter power supply
KFD2-CR4-Ex1

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.4 V, Device installation permissible in zone 2, 3-way galvanic isolation, 24 V DC supply voltage, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/4 … 20 mA, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

Transmitter supply isolator
KFD2-CRG-Ex1.D

1-channel, Analogue input 0/4 mA … 20 mA EEx ia IIC, Analogue output 0/4 mA … 20 mA, 2 relay outputs, Each relay output individually parameterisable as high/low alarm, Lead breakage (LB) monitoring and short-circuit (SC) monitoring, Parameterisation via PC or control panel, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0 … 20 mA, Limit alarm relay, Display, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

SMART transmitter power supply
KFD2-STC4-Ex1.H

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 27.2 V, Very high field voltage, Galvanically isolated output, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 7.5 kHz (-3 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508 in preparation, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/4 … 20 mA (overload > 25mA), HART transfer, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

Segment coupler
KFD2-BR-1.MOD

Segment coupler for MODBUS RTU, Segment coupler for a non-instrinsically safe MODBUS RTU segment, MODBUS RTU IEC 61158-2, 31.25 kBit/s, Master independent, Up to 32 devices can be connected to the MODBUS RTU segment , 24 V DC rated operational voltage, Removable terminals and Power Rail

Current/voltage repeater
KFD2-CD-Ex1.32

1-channel, Output EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC supply voltage, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Conversion of current/voltage or voltage/current, Elevation/Suppression of the ‘life zero’, Accuracy 0.1 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 0(4)-20 mA, Safe area: 0(4)-20 mA, Transfer direction: to the field

SMART transmitter power supplies
KFD2-STC4-Ex2-Y72195

2-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.2 V, Device installation in Zone 2, 24 V DC supply voltage, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Output as current sink, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/4 … 20 mA (overload > 25 mA), HART transfer, Output, current sink, Explosion protection: Ex input

Solenoid Driver
KFD0-SD2-Ex1.1045

1-channel isolated barrier, 24 V DC supply (loop powered), Current limit 45 mA at 10 V DC, Up to SIL3 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: loop powered, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Output rated operating current: 45 mA

Strain Gauge Converter
KFD2-WAC2-1.D

1-channel signal conditioner, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), Strain gauge input, Output 0 mA … +- 20 mA or 0 V … +- 10 V, Relay contact output, Programmable high/low alarm, RS 485 interface, Line fault detection (LFD), Input: DMS bridges, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output: 4-20 mA, Limit alarm relay, Display

Solenoid driver
KFD2-VD-Ex1.1560

1-channel, Output EEx ib IIC, 24 V DC supply voltage, Logic input to switch the field voltage, LED signalling of the switch state, Input: with prelogic, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Output rated operating current: 60 mA

SMART transmitter power supply
KFD2-STC4-Ex1.2O.H

1-channel, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), 2- or 3-wire HART transmitter, Dual 4 mA … 20 mA output, Terminals with test points, High field voltage 17.6 V DC, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508 in preparation, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/4 … 20 mA (overload > 25mA), HART transfer, Dual output, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

Strain Gauge Converter
KFD2-WAC2-Ex1.D

1-channel isolated barrier, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), Strain gauge input, Output 0 mA … +- 20 mA or 0 V … +- 10 V, Relay contact output, Programmable high/low alarm, RS 485 interface, Line fault detection (LFD), Input: DMS bridges, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output: 4-20 mA, Limit alarm relay, Display, Explosion protection: Ex input

Solenoid drivers
KFD2-VD-Ex1.1835

1-channel, Output EEx ib IIC, 24 V DC nominal supply voltage, Logic input for connection and disconnection, LED signalling of the switch state, Input: with prelogic, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Output rated operating current: 35 mA

Electrode relay
KFD2-ER-2.W.LB

2-channel, Relay for conductive limit value detection, Minimum/maximum control, On/off control system, Open/closed circuit current principle switchable, LB monitoring, LB collective error message via Power Rail, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21

Solenoid driver
KFD2-SD-Ex1.17

1-channel, Device installation in Zone 2, Output EEx ia IIC, Current limit: 65 mA, Up to SIL3 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: without prelogic, Rated voltage: loop powered, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Output rated operating current: 65 mA

Repeater
KFD0-CS-Ex1.54-Y207411

1-channel isolated barrier, 24 V DC supply (loop powered), SMART fire alarm input, Current input 1 mA … 20 mA, Rated voltage: loop powered, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 4-20 mA, Safe area: 4-20 mA, Transfer direction: to the field

Solenoid driver
KFD0-SD2-Ex1.1065

1-channel, Output EEx ia IIC, Up to SIL3 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: loop powered, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Output rated operating current: 65 mA

Repeater
KFD0-CS-Ex2.54-Y207412

DC repeater without auxiliary power
KFD0-CS-1.50

Galvanic isolated measuring circuits, Accuracy 0.1 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: loop powered, SIL/IEC 61508, Field circuit: 4-20 mA, Safe area: 4-20 mA, Transfer direction: to the field

Solenoid driver
KFD0-SD2-Ex1.1180

1-channel, Output EEx ia IIB, Up to SIL3 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: loop powered, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Output rated operating current: 80 mA

Relay Module
KFD0-RSH-1-Y191196

1-channel signal conditioner, 24 V DC supply (loop powered), Fail-safe relay contact output, Logic input 16 V DC … 30 V DC, non-polarized, Special version with test pulse suppression for Trident system from Triconex, Up to SIL3 acc. to IEC 61508

DC repeater without auxiliary power
KFD0-CS-2.50

SMART transmitter power supplies
KFD2-STC3-Ex1

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, U 0 = 25.2 V, 24 V DC nominal supply voltage, SMART capable up to 40 kHz (-1dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output signal: 4 … 20 mA , max. load 1000 Ohm , for HART >= 230 Ohm, HART transfer, Explosion protection: Ex input

SMART transmitter power supplies
KFD2-STV3-Ex1-1

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, U 0 = 25.2 V, 24 V DC nominal supply voltage, SMART capable up to 40 kHz (-1dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output signal: 1 … 5 V , internal resistance approx. 305 Ohm, HART transfer, Explosion protection: Ex input

SMART transmitter power supplies
KFD2-STV3-Ex1-2

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, U 0 = 25.2 V, 24 V DC nominal supply voltage, SMART capable up to 40 kHz (-1dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output signal: 2 … 10 V , internal resistance approx. 305 Ohm, HART transfer, Explosion protection: Ex input

Transmitter power supply
KFD2-STV4-Ex2-2

2-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.2 V, Device installation permissible in zone 2, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 7.5 kHz (-3 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/2 … 10 V, HART transfer, Explosion protection: Ex input

Place Holder Barrier
KFD0-LGH-Y34868

IS K-System place holder module, Housing width 20 mm, Marshalling for field and control side circuits, No electrical function: empty housing

Current repeater
KFD2-CD2-Ex1

1-channel, Output EEx ia IIC, Accuracy 0.1 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: 10 … 35 V DC, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 4-20 mA, Safe area: 4-20 mA, Transfer direction: To the field

RS 232 repeater
KFD2-FF-Ex2.RS232

RS 232 transmission, Corresponds to EIA standard RS 232C and RS 232D, Field circuit EEx ia IIC, Bi-directional transmission, Rated voltage: 15 … 35 V DC, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: RS 232, Safe area: RS 232, Transfer direction: to the field

SMART repeater
KFD2-SCD2-Ex1.LK

1-channel, Lead breakage (LB) monitoring and short-circuit (SC) monitoring via Power Rail, Suitable for HART communication (galvanically isolated), Accuracy 0.1 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: 10 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, HART transfer, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 4-20 mA, HART, Safe area: 4-20 mA, HART, Transfer direction: to the field

Temperature converter
KFD2-UT2-2-1

2-channel, 2 inputs/2 outputs freely configurable, 3-way galvanic isolation, Accuracy +- 0.1 %, Resistance sensors acc. to IEC 751 or GOST 50353-92, Thermocouples acc. to IEC 584-1, GOST 50431-92 or GOST P85.585-2001, 2-wire resistance 0 Omega … 20 kOmega, 3-wire potentiometer 0.8 kOmega … 20 kOmega, Voltage signals between -100 mV and +100 mV, Internal or external cold junction compensation, Sensor burnout and short-circuit monitoring, Collective error message via Power Rail, Input: Temperature

Temperature converter
KFD2-UT2-1-1

1-channel, 3-way galvanic isolation, Accuracy +- 0.1 %, Adjustment option of temperature measuring range for Pt100, Ni100 in 2-, 3- or 4-wire versions, Adjustment option of thermocouple (B, E, J, K, L, N, R, S or T), 2-wire resistance 0 Omega … 20 kOmega, 3-wire potentiometer 0.8 kOmega … 20 kOmega, Internal or external cold junction compensation, Sensor burnout monitoring for thermocouples, Sensor burnout and short-circuit monitoring (SC) for Pt100, Online adjustments via serial interface to PC

SMART transmitter power supply
KFD2-STV4-Ex1-1

1-channel, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.4 V, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 7.5 kHz (-3 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/1 … 5 V, HART transfer, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

Transmitter power supply
KFD2-STV4-Ex1.2O-2

1-channel, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.4 V, 2 galvanically isolated outputs, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 7.5 kHz (-3 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/2 … 10 V, HART transfer, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

Transmitter power supply
KFD2-STV4-Ex2-1

2-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.2 V, Device installation permissible in zone 2, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 7.5 kHz (-3 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/1 … 5 V, HART transfer, Explosion protection: Ex input

SMART transmitter power supply
KFD2-STV4-Ex1-2

1-channel, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.4 V, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 7.5 kHz (-3 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/2 … 10 V, HART transfer, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

SMART transmitter power supply, output current sink
KFD2-STC4-Ex1.2O-Y122582

1-channel, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.4 V, 2 galvanically isolated outputs, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 7.5 kHz (-3 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/4 … 20 mA (overload > 25mA), HART transfer, Dual output, Output, current sink, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

SMART transmitter power supply
KFD2-STV4-Ex1.2O-1

1-channel, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.4 V, 2 galvanically isolated outputs, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 7.5 kHz (-3 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/1 … 5 V, HART transfer, Dual output, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

SMART transmitter power supply, output current sink
KFD2-STC4-Ex1-Y122583

1-channel, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.4 V, Galvanically isolated output, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 7.5 kHz (-3 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/4 … 20 mA (overload > 25mA), HART transfer, Output, current sink, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

Signal converter for current/voltage
KFD0-CC-Ex1

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, Loop powered 12 V DC … 35 V DC, Galvanic isolated measuring circuits, Current range (0/4 mA … 20 mA) or voltage range (0/1 V … 5 V, 0/2 V … 10 V) adjustable via DIP switch, fine tuning (approx. 1%) of the span and zero point possible via DIP switch, Fine adjustment (approx. 1 %) of the span and of the zero point is possible using a potentiometer, Output: 4 mA … 20 mA, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: Current/voltage, Rated voltage: 12 … 35 V DC loop powered

Temperature converter
KFD2-UT2-Ex1

1-channel, 3-way galvanic isolation, Resistance sensors acc. to IEC 751 or GOST 50353-92, Thermocouples acc. to IEC 584-1, GOST 50431-92 or GOST P85.585-2001, 2-wire resistance 0 Omega … 20 kOmega, 3-wire potentiometer 0.8 kOmega … 20 kOmega, Voltage signals between -100 mV and +100 mV, Input: Temperature, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: 4-20 mA, Explosion protection: Ex input

Voltage repeater
KFD2-VR-Ex1.19

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC supply voltage, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 0-10 V, Safe area: 0-10 V, Transfer direction: to the control system

Transformer isolated barrier for potentiometer
KFD2-PT2-Ex1**

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC supply voltage, Current or voltage output, Accuracy 0.05 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: Resistance, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output: 0-10 V, Explosion protection: Ex-Input

Signal converter with trip value
KFD2-USC-1.D

1-channel, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), Scaleable current or voltage input, Current or voltage output, Relay contact output, Programmable via control panel, Line fault detection

DC repeater without auxiliary power
KFD0-CS-2.51P

Polarity reversal protected, Accuracy 1 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: loop powered, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 0-40 mA, Safe area: 0-40 mA, Transfer direction: To the field

Temperature converter with trip relays
KFD2-GUT-1.D

1-channel, Input for voltage 0 V … 1 V, 0 V … 10 V, -100 mV … +100 mV, Input RTD: Pt100, Pt500, Pt1000, Ni100,Ni1000 2-, 3- and 4-wire, Input potentiometer 800 Ohm … 20 kOhm 2-, 3- and 5-wire, Input thermocouple type B, E, J, K, L, N, R, S, T, Redundant input for thermocouple for plausibility check, Sensor burnout monitoring, 2 relay outputs, Each relay output individually parameterisable as high/low alarm, Analogue output 0/4 mA … 20 mA, Manual adjustments or adjustments via PC

Solenoid driver, power amplifier
KFD2-SL-4

4-channel, Control via logic inputs, 24 V DC supply voltage, Output current: 600 mA/channel (resistive, inductive, capacitive load), All channels can be simultaneously turned off via a galvanically isolated input., Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: with prelogic, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: No Ex-protection, Fault message output, Output rated operating current: 600 mA

HART isolator
KFD0-SI-Ex4

4-channel, Field circuits intrinsically safe EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in the safe area or in zone 2, Couples HART signals in the field circuit (bi-directional)

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-SH-Ex1.T.OP

1-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Lead breakage (LB) monitoring and short-circuit (SC) monitoring, 1 safety-related active electronic output SIL3 acc. to IEC/EN 61508 and acc. to DIN VDE 0660, part 209, Product classification in accordance with ISO 13849-1 (EN 954-1 category 3), 1 relay output repeats the state of the input circuit, 1 error output with 1 NO contact, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL3 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: Transistor

Signal converter for thermocouples
KFD0-TT-Ex1

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, Loop powered 12 V DC … 35 V DC, Galvanic isolated measuring circuits, Thermocouple types E, J, K, N, R, S, T, Lead monitoring, Output voltage is linearly proportionate to input voltage, Internal cold junction, Span and zero point adjustable, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: Thermocouple, Rated voltage: 12 … 35 V DC loop powered, Output: 4-20 mA, Output, current sink, Explosion protection: Ex-Input

DC repeater without auxiliary power
KFD0-CS-Ex1.50P

Output EEx ia IIC, Device installation in Zone 2, Polarity reversal protected, Accuracy 0.1 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Rated voltage: loop powered, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 4-20 mA, Safe area: 4-20 mA, Transfer direction: to the field

TIB for Voltage
KFD2-PT2-Ex1-4

Explosion protection: Ex input

Transformer isolated barrier for potentiometer
KFD2-PT2-Ex1-5

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC nominal supply voltage, Current output 4 mA … 20 mA, Accuracy 0.05 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21

Voltage repeater
KFD2-VR4-Ex1.26

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC supply voltage, Transfer of AC signals possible, 2-wire sensor with current supply, 3-wire sensor with voltage supply, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 0-20 V, Safe area: 0-20 V

Voltage repeater
KFD2-VR-Ex1.500m

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC supply voltage, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 0-500 mV, Safe area: 0-500 mV, Transfer direction: To the control system

Relay module
KFD0-RSH-1

1-channel, Loop powered, Input non-polarised, Output in fail-safe technology, Relay LED status indication, Up to SIL3 acc. to IEC 61508

Temperature converter
KFD2-UT2-2

2-channel, 1 input/2 outputs freely configurable, 3-way galvanic isolation, Resistance sensors acc. to IEC 751 or GOST 50353-92, Thermocouples acc. to IEC 584-1, GOST 50431-92 or GOST P85.585-2001, 2-wire resistance 0 Omega … 20 kOmega, 3-wire potentiometer 0.8 kOmega … 20 kOmega, Voltage signals between -100 mV and +100 mV, Internal or external cold junction compensation, Sensor burnout and short-circuit monitoring, Collective error message via Power Rail, Input: Temperature

SMART transmitter power supply
KFD2-STV4-1-1

1-channel, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 7.5 kHz (-3 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/1 … 5 V, HART transfer, Input, current source

Power feed module with bus terminals
KFD2-EB2.RPI

24 V DC supply voltage, Device installation in Zone 2, Supply current <= 4 A, Fault signal output with adjustable mode of operation, Bus access via terminals, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21

Temperature converter
KFD2-UT2-1

1-channel, 3-way galvanic isolation, Resistance sensors acc. to IEC 751 or GOST 50353-92, Thermocouples acc. to IEC 584-1, GOST 50431-92 or GOST P85.585-2001, 2-wire resistance 0 Omega … 20 kOmega, 3-wire potentiometer 0.8 kOmega … 20 kOmega, Voltage signals between -100 mV and +100 mV, Internal or external cold junction compensation, Sensor burnout and short-circuit monitoring, Collective error message via Power Rail, Online adjustments via serial interface to PC, EMC acc. to EN 61326

Power Rail power feed module for redundant supply, with bus terminals
KFD2-EB2.R4A.RPI

24 V DC supply voltage, Device installation in Zone 2, Supply current <= 4 A, Bus access via terminals, Redundant supply, Fault signal output with adjustable mode of operation, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21

Relay Module
KFD0-RSH-1-Y1

1-channel signal conditioner, 24 V DC supply (loop powered), Fail-safe relay contact output, Logic input 16 V DC … 30 V DC, non-polarized, Special version with test pulse suppression for Tricon system from Triconex, Up to SIL3 acc. to IEC 61508

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-SRA-Ex4

4-channel, Control circuit Ex ia IIC, 24 V DC supply voltage, Reversible mode of operation, 4 relay outputs, 1 NO contact per channel, grouped into single-pole pairs, 50 % less wiring 2:1, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 19 … 30 V DC, Output: relay, 2:1 Method, Explosion protection: Ex input

SMART repeater
KFD0-SCS-Ex1.55

1-channel, Field circuit EEx ib IIC, Loop powered, Transmission range: 4 mA … 20 mA, Lead monitoring, Suitable for HART communication (galvanically isolated), Universal application for transmitters, position controllers and I/P converters, Only 5 V voltage drop, Test sockets for HART, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Rated voltage: loop powered, HART transfer, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 4-20 mA, Safe area: 4-20 mA, Transfer direction: to the field

Power Rail power feed module for redundant supply, with bus terminals
KFD2-EB2.R4A.B

24 V DC supply voltage, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Supply current <= 4 A, Bus access via terminals, Redundant supply, Fault signal output with adjustable mode of operation, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21

Temperature converter
KFD2-UT2-Ex2-1

2-channel, 1 input/2 outputs freely configurable, 3-way galvanic isolation, Resistance sensors acc. to IEC 751 or GOST 50353-92, Thermocouples acc. to IEC 584-1, GOST 50431-92 or GOST P85.585-2001, 2-wire resistance 0 Omega … 20 kOmega, 3-wire potentiometer 0.8 kOmega … 20 kOmega, Voltage signals between -100 mV and +100 mV, Input: Temperature, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: 0-5 V, Explosion protection: Ex input

Power feed module
KFD2-EB2

24 V DC supply voltage, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Supply current <= 4 A, Fault signal output with adjustable mode of operation, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21

Isolated Repeaters
KFD2-VR-Ex500m.R

Explosion protection: Ex input

Solenoid driver
KFD2-SL2-Ex1.LK

1-channel, Output EEx ia IIC, Lead monitoring: red LED, flashing, signal on Power Rail and output error message de-energised, 24 V DC supply voltage, Output current max. 45 mA, Logic inputs, non-polarised, Removable terminals, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, LED accord. to NAMUR NE 44, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: with prelogic, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Fault message output

Isolated Repeaters
KFD2-VR-Ex500m.L

Explosion protection: Ex input

Solenoid driver
KFD2-SL2-Ex2

2-channel, Output Ex ia IIC, Ex ia D , Lead monitoring: LED flashing red and signal via Power Rail, Output current max. 45 mA, Logic inputs, non-polarised, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, LED accord. to NAMUR NE 44, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: with prelogic, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Fault message output, Output rated operating current: 45 mA

Solenoid driver
KFD2-SL2-Ex1

1-channel, Output Ex ia IIC, Ex ia D , 24 V DC supply voltage, Output current max. 45 mA, Logic input non-polarised, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Lead monitoring: LED flashing red and signal via Power Rail, LED accord. to NAMUR NE 44, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: with prelogic, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Fault message output, Output rated operating current: 45 mA

SMART repeater
KFD2-SCD2-1.LK

Solenoid driver
KFD2-SL2-Ex1.B

1-channel, Output Ex ia IIC, Ex ia D , 24 V DC supply voltage, Output current max. 45 mA, Logic input non-polarised, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: with prelogic, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Output rated operating current: 45 mA

SMART repeater
KFD2-SCD2-2.LK

2-channel, Lead breakage (LB) monitoring and short-circuit (SC) monitoring via Power Rail, Suitable for HART communication (galvanically isolated), Accuracy 0.1 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508

Temperature converter with trip relays
KFD2-GUT-Ex1.D

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, Input for voltage 0 V … 1 V, 0 V … 10 V, -100 mV … +100 mV, Input RTD: Pt100, Pt500, Pt1000, Ni100,Ni1000 2-, 3- and 4-wire, Input potentiometer 800 Ohm … 20 kOhm 2-, 3- and 5-wire, Input thermocouple type B, E, J, K, L, N, R, S, T, Redundant input for thermocouple for plausibility check, Sensor burnout monitoring, 2 relay outputs, Each relay output individually parameterisable as high/low alarm, Analogue output 0/4 mA … 20 mA, Input: Temperature

Solenoid driver
KFD2-SL2-Ex2.B

2-channel, Output Ex ia IIC, Ex ia D , 24 V DC supply voltage, Output current max. 45 mA, Logic inputs, non-polarised, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, LED accord. to NAMUR NE 44, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: with prelogic, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Output rated operating current: 45 mA

Solenoid driver
KFD2-SD-Ex1.36

1-channel, Output EEx ia IIB, Device installation in Zone 2, Current limit: 80 mA, Up to SIL3 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: without prelogic, Rated voltage: loop powered, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Output rated operating current: max. 80 mA

Signal converter for resistor
KFD0-RC-Ex1

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, Loop powered 12 V DC … 35 V DC, Galvanic isolated measuring circuits, Resistance input, 3-wire connection for lead compensation, Lead breakage monitoring, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: Resistance, Rated voltage: 12 … 35 V DC loop powered, Output: 4-20 mA, Output, current sink, Explosion protection: Ex input

Power Rail power feed module for redundant supply, with bus terminals
KFD2-EB.MAR.RPI

24 V DC supply voltage, Supply current <= 2 A, Bus access via terminals, Redundant supply, Fault signal output with adjustable mode of operation, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, For applications on ships

Transformer isolated barrier for potentiometer
KFD2-PT2-Ex1-4

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC nominal supply voltage, Current output 0 mA … 20 mA, Accuracy 0.05 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21

Voltage repeater
KFD2-VR-Ex1.18

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC supply voltage, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 0-12 V, Safe area: 0-12 V, Transfer direction: to the control system

Accessories
KFD0-LC-1

Signal converter for Pt100
KFD0-TR-Ex1

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, Loop powered 12 V DC … 35 V DC, Galvanic isolated measuring circuits, Input for Pt100 2- or 3-wire, Sensor burnout monitoring, Output, thermally linear, Span can be adjusted from 25 Â°C … 800 Â°C, with linearisation from 20 Â°C … 375 Â°C, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: Resistance, Rated voltage: 12 … 35 V DC loop powered, Output: 4-20 mA, Output, current sink, Explosion protection: Ex-Input

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-SOT2-Ex1.N

1-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Reversible mode of operation, Output: signal output (passive electronic output), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, LB/SC collective error message via Power Rail, Signal output NAMUR compatible, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: Optocoupler, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex input

Standstill controller
KFD2-SR2-2.W.SM

1-channel standstill controller, Rotation direction detection or start-up override selectable, 2 relay outputs, Input frequency <= 2 kHz, Diagnosis LEDs for rotation detection, signal below the trip value, operating voltage and hardware error

Current repeater
KFD2-CD2-Ex2

2-channel, Output EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Accuracy 0.1 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: 10 … 35 V DC, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 4-20 mA, Safe area: 4-20 mA, Transfer direction: To the field

Solenoid driver
KFD0-SD2-Ex1.10100

1-channel, Output EEx ia IIC, Up to SIL3 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: loop powered, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Output rated operating current: 100 mA

Transformer isolated barrier for potentiometer
KFD2-PT2-Ex1-1

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC nominal supply voltage, Voltage output 0 V … 5 V, Accuracy 0.05 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Explosion protection: Ex input

HART Multiplexer Slave
KFD0-HMS-16

16-channel, No external power required, HART field device inputs, Used with HART Multiplexer Master KFD2-HMM-16, Up to SIL3 acc. to IEC 61508

Place Holder Barrier
KFD0-LGH-GN

Non-IS K-System place holder module, Housing width 20 mm, Marshalling for field and control side circuits, Jumper configurable

Transmitter power supply
KFD2-CR4-Ex1.2O

1-channel, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.4 V, 2 galvanically isolated outputs, 24 V DC supply voltage, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/4 … 20 mA, Dual output, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

SMART transmitter power supplies
KFD2-STC4-Ex2-Y132953

2-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.2 V, Device installation permissible in zone 2, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 7.5 kHz (-3 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/4 … 20 mA (overload > 25mA), HART transfer, Explosion protection: Ex input

SMART transmitter power supplies
KFD2-STC4-2

2-channel, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 7.5 kHz (-3 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508

SMART transmitter power supplies
KFD2-STV4-2-1

2-channel, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 7.5 kHz (-3 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-SR2-Ex2.W

2-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Reversible mode of operation, 1 signal output with 1 changeover contact per channel, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, LB/SC monitoring, LB/SC collective error message via Power Rail, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: relay, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex input

Solenoid drivers
KFD2-VM-Ex1.32.O

Explosion protection: Ex input

Isolated Switch Amplifier
KFD2-SOT2-EX2.IO-Y181008

2-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Device installation in Zone 2, Reversible mode of operation, One passive electronic output per channel, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, LB/SC monitoring, LB/SC collective error message via Power Rail, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: Optocoupler, Separate outputs, Explosion protection: Ex input

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-SR2-Ex1.W.LB

1-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Reversible mode of operation, Output I: signal output (changeover contact), Output II: optionally signal output/fault signal, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, LB/SC monitoring, LB/SC collective error message via Power Rail, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: relay, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex input

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-SR2-Ex1.W

1-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Reversible mode of operation, 1 relay output with 1 changeover contact, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, LB/SC monitoring, LB/SC collective error message via Power Rail, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: relay, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex input

Voltage Repeater
KFD2-VR-Ex1.12

1-channel isolated barrier, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), Voltage input 0 V … 9 V, Voltage output 0 V … 9 V, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Explosion protection: Ex protection

SMART transmitter power supplies
KFD2-STC4-Ex2

2-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.2 V, Device installation permissible in zone 2, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 7.5 kHz (-3 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/4 … 20 mA (overload > 25mA), HART transfer, Explosion protection: Ex input

Signal converter for Pt100
KFD0-TR-1

1-channel, Loop powered 12 V DC … 35 V DC, Galvanic isolated measuring circuits, Input for Pt100 2- or 3-wire, Sensor burnout monitoring, Output, thermally linear, Span can be adjusted from 25 Â°C … 800 Â°C, with linearisation from 20 Â°C … 375 Â°C, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: Resistance, Rated voltage: 12 … 35 V DC loop powered, Output: 4-20 mA, Output, current sink, Explosion protection: No Ex-protection

Solenoid driver
KFD2-VM-Ex1.35

1-channel, 2 logic inputs, Output EEx ib IIC, 24 V DC supply voltage, LED signalling of the switch state, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: with prelogic, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Output rated operating current: 17 mA

Signal converter for current/voltage
KFD0-CC-1

1-channel, Loop powered 12 V DC … 35 V DC, Galvanic isolated measuring circuits, Current range (0/4 mA … 20 mA) or voltage range (0/1 V … 5 V, 0/2 V … 10 V) adjustable via DIP switch, fine tuning (approx. 1%) of the span and zero point possible via DIP switch, Fine adjustment (approx. 1 %) of the span and of the zero point is possible using a potentiometer, Output: 4 mA … 20 mA, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: Current/voltage, Rated voltage: 12 … 35 V DC loop powered, Output: 4-20 mA

Strain Gauge Converter
KFD2-WAC2-Ex1.D-Y189512

1-channel isolated barrier, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), Strain gauge input, Output 0 mA … +- 20 mA or 0 V … +- 10 V, Relay contact output, Programmable high/low alarm, RS 485 interface, Low response time, Line fault detection (LFD), Input: DMS bridges, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output: 4-20 mA, Limit alarm relay, Display, Explosion protection: Ex input

HART Loop Converter
KFD2-HLC-Ex1.D.2W

1-channel isolated barrier, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), Input HART with transmitter supply, 2 relay outputs, 3 analog outputs 4 mA … 20 mA, Parameterization via control panel, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 19 … 30 V DC, HART transfer, Limit alarm relay, Display, Output, current sink, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

Standstill controller
KFD2-SR2-Ex2.W.SM

1-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Additional input for rotation direction detecion or start-up override, 2 relay outputs, Input frequency <= 2 kHz, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Diagnosis LEDs for rotation detection, signal below the trip value, operating voltage and hardware error, LB/SC monitoring, Collective error message via Power Rail, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508

Voltage repeater
KFD2-VR2-Ex1.50m

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC supply voltage, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Selectable lead breakage monitoring, Rated voltage: 15 … 30 V DC, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 0-50 mV, Safe area: 0-50 mV, Transfer direction: to the control system

HART Loop Converter
KFD2-HLC-Ex1.D

1-channel isolated barrier, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), Input HART with transmitter supply, 3 analog outputs 4 mA … 20 mA, Parameterization via control panel, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 19 … 30 V DC, HART transfer, Display, Output, current sink, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

Signal converter for thermocouples
KFD0-TT-1

1-channel, Loop powered 12 V DC … 35 V DC, Galvanic isolated measuring circuits, Thermocouple types E, J, K, N, R, S, T, Lead monitoring, Output voltage is linearly proportionate to input voltage, Internal cold junction, Span and zero point adjustable, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: Thermocouple, Rated voltage: 12 … 35 V DC loop powered, Output: 4-20 mA, Output, current sink, Explosion protection: No Ex-protection

Signal converter for current/voltage
KFD0-VC-1.10

1-channel, Loop powered 12 V DC … 35 V DC, Galvanic isolated measuring circuits, Output: 4 mA … 20 mA, Fine tuning for span and zero point, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: Current/voltage, Rated voltage: 12 … 35 V DC loop powered, Output: 4-20 mA, Output, current sink, Explosion protection: No Ex-protection

HART Loop Converter
KFD2-HLC-Ex1.D.4S

1-channel isolated barrier, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), Input HART with transmitter supply, 4 relay outputs (NO), 3 analog outputs 4 mA … 20 mA, Parameterization via control panel, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 19 … 30 V, HART transfer, Limit alarm relay, Display, Output, current sink, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

SMART transmitter power supply
KFD2-STC3-Ex1

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.2 V, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 40 kHz (-1dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output signal: 4 … 20 mA , max. load 1000 Omega , for HART >= 230 Omega, HART transfer, Explosion protection: Ex input

SMART transmitter power supply
KFD2-STV3-Ex1-2

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.2 V, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 40 kHz (-1dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output signal: 2 … 10 V , internal resistance approx. 305 Omega, HART transfer, Explosion protection: Ex input

Solenoid driver
KFD2-SL2-Ex1.LK

1-channel, Output EEx ia IIC, Lead monitoring: red LED, flashing, signal on Power Rail and output error message de-energised, 24 V DC supply voltage, Output current max. 45 mA, Logic inputs non-polarized, Removable terminals, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, LED accord. to NAMUR NE 44, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: with prelogic, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Fault message output

SMART transmitter power supply
KFD2-STV3-Ex1-1

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.2 V, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 40 kHz (-1dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output signal: 1 … 5 V , internal resistance approx. 305 Omega, HART transfer, Explosion protection: Ex input

Converter
KFD2-UT-Ex1-1

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC supply voltage, Accuracy +- 0.1 %, Adjustment option of temperature measuring range for Pt100, Ni100 in 2-, 3- or 4-wire versions, Adjustment option of thermocouple (B, E, J, K, L, N, R, S or T), Freely definable characteristic curve for resistance 0 Omega … 400 Omega and voltage -50 mV … +150 mV, Internal or external cold junction compensation, Sensor burnout monitoring for thermocouples, Sensor burnout and short-circuit monitoring (SC) for Pt100

SMART Transmitter Power Supply
KFD2-STC4-Ex1

1-channel isolated barrier, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), 2-wire SMART transmitters or current sources, Output 4 mA … 20 mA, Terminals with test points, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/4 … 20 mA (overload > 25 mA), HART transfer, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

DC repeater without auxiliary power
KFD0-CS-Ex2.51P

Output EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Polarity reversal protected, Accuracy 1 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: loop powered, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 0-40 mA, Safe area: 0-40 mA, Transfer direction: to the field

DC repeater without auxiliary power
KFD0-CS-Ex2.50P

2-channel, Field circuit EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Accuracy 0.1 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: loop powered, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 4-20 mA, Safe area: 4-20 mA, Transfer direction: to the field

SMART transmitter power supplies
KFD2-STC1-Ex1

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.5 V, 24 V DC nominal supply voltage, SMART capable up to 12 kHz (-1 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output signal: 4 … 20 mA , max. load 500 Ohm, with HART >= 230 Ohm, HART transfer, Explosion protection: Ex input

Electrode relay
KFD2-ER-1.6

Relay module
KFD0-RO-Ex2

2-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Outputs for switching intrinsically safe circuits up to 60 V, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Inputs non-polarised, LED status indicator of relays, Input: 24 V DC, Output: relay, Explosion protection: Ex input

Transmitter power supply
KFD2-CR4-1.2O

1-channel, 2 galvanically isolated outputs, 24 V DC supply voltage, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21

Electrode relay
KFD2-ER-1.5

HART Multiplexer Master
KFD2-HMM-16

16-channel, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), HART field device inputs, Up to 15 KFD0-HMS-16 slave units can be connected, Up to SIL3 acc. to IEC 61508

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-ST2-Ex1.LB

1-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Reversible mode of operation, Output I: signal output (active electronic output) Output II: either signal output or error message (active electronic output), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, LB/SC monitoring, LB/SC collective error message via Power Rail, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: Transistor, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex input

Current/voltage repeater
KFD2-CD-1.32

1-channel, 24 V DC supply voltage, Conversion of current/voltage or voltage/current, Elevation of the ‘life zero’, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC within the supply tolerance, SIL/IEC 61508, Field circuit: 0(4)-20 mA, Safe area: 0(4)-20 mA, Transfer direction: to the field

Trip amplifier
KFD2-GU-1

1-channel, 24 V DC supply voltage, 2 switch outputs, High/low alarm selectable, Mode of operation adjustable, Adjustment option of 0 V … 10 V, 0 mA … 20 mA, of Pt100, Ni100 or thermocouple (B, E, J, K, L, N, R, S or T), Internal or external cold junction compensation, Sensor burnout monitoring for thermocouples, Sensor burnout and short-circuit monitoring for Pt100, current and voltage, Online adjustments via serial interface to PC, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC

DC repeater without auxiliary power
KFD0-CS-Ex1.51P

Trip amplifier
KFD2-GU-Ex1

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, 2 relay outputs, High/low alarm settable, Mode of operation adjustable, Inputs for voltage (0 V … 10 V), current (0 mA … 20 mA) RTDs (Pt100, Ni100) thermocouples (B, E, J, K, L, N, R, S, or T), Sensor burnout monitoring for thermocouples, Sensor burnout and short-circuit monitoring for Pt100, Online adjustments via serial interface to PC, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Rated voltage: 19 … 35 V DC, Output: 2 x 1 Changeover contact, Explosion protection: Ex input

Converters
KFD2-FAC-1

Explosion protection: No Ex-protection

Temperature Trip Value
KFD2-GU-1

1-channel signal conditioner, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), Thermocouple, RTD, voltage or current input, 2 relay contact outputs, Programmable high/low alarm, Configurable by PACTware TM, Sensor burnout detection, Rated voltage: 19 … 35 V DC, Output: 2 x 1 Changeover contact

Transmitter supply isolator
KFD2-CR-Ex1.30300

1-channel, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 26 V, 24 V DC supply voltage, Output: allowable load max. 1 kOmega, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output signal: 0 … 20 mA, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

Switch Amplifier
KFD2-SOT2-Ex2

2-channel isolated barrier, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), Dry contact or NAMUR inputs, Passive transistor output, non-polarized, Line fault detection (LFD), Reversible mode of operation, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: Optocoupler, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex input

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-SOT2-Ex2.IO

2-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Reversible mode of operation, 1 passive transistor output, depolarized per channel, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, LB/SC monitoring, LB/SC collective error message via Power Rail, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: Optocoupler, SIL/IEC 61508, Separate outputs, Explosion protection: Ex input

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-SH-Ex1

1-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Lead breakage (LB) monitoring and short-circuit (SC) monitoring, 1 safety-related relay output SIL3 acc. to IEC/EN 61508 and acc. to DIN VDE 0660, part 209, Product classification in accordance with ISO 13849-1 (EN 954-1 category 3), 1 relay output repeats the state of the input circuit, 1 passive electronic output, error message, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL3 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Output: relay, SIL/IEC 61508

Repeater
KFD0-CS-Ex1.54

SMART transmitter power supply
KFD2-STC4-1.2O

1-channel, 2 galvanically isolated outputs, 24 V DC supply voltage, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508

SMART transmitter power supply
KFD2-STC4-1

1-channel, Galvanically isolated output, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 7.5 kHz (-3 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-SOT2-Ex1.LB.IO

1-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Reversible mode of operation, Output I: signal output (passive electronic output, non-polarised) Output II: either signal output or error message (passive electronic output, non-polarised), Output I and Output II galvanically isolated, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, LB/SC monitoring, LB/SC collective error message via Power Rail, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: Optocoupler

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-SOT2-Ex1.LB

1-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Reversible mode of operation, Output I: signal output (passive electronic output, non-polarised) Output II: either signal output or error message (passive electronic output, non-polarised), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, LB/SC monitoring, LB/SC collective error message via Power Rail, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: Optocoupler, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex input

Isolated switch amplifier
KFD2-ST2-Ex2

2-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Reversible mode of operation, 1 active electronic output per channel, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, LB/SC monitoring, LB/SC collective error message via Power Rail, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: NAMUR sensor, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: Transistor, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex input

Place Holder Barrier
KFD0-LGH

IS K-System place holder module, Housing width 20 mm, Marshalling for field and control side circuits, Jumper configurable

SMART repeater
KFD2-SCD-Ex1.LK

1-channel, Output EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Lead breakage (LB) monitoring and short-circuit (SC) monitoring, Suitable for HART communication (galvanically isolated), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, HART transfer, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 4-20 mA, HART, Safe area: 4-20 mA, HART, Transfer direction: to the field

SMART repeater
KFD2-SCD2-Ex2.LK

2-channel, Output EEx ia IIC, Lead breakage (LB) monitoring and short-circuit (SC) monitoring via Power Rail, Suitable for HART communication (galvanically isolated), Accuracy 0.1 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: 10 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, HART transfer, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 4-20 mA, HART, Safe area: 4-20 mA, HART, Transfer direction: to the field

Earth fault detection
KFD2-ELD-Ex16

16-channel, Inputs EEx ia IIC, 24 V DC supply voltage, Power supply via Power Rail or via removable terminals, 1 LED per channel as an error indicator, Collective error message output with 1 change-over contact, Reversible mode of operation, Test input, Additional collective error message via Power Rail

Segment Coupler 1
KFD2-BR-1.PA.93

Segment coupler for a non-intrinsically safe PROFIBUS PA segment, PROFIBUS DP, EN 50170/2, RS 485: 93.75 kBit/s, PROFIBUS PA, PROFIBUS EN 50170/2, IEC 61158-2: 31.25 kBit/s, Master independent, Up to 32 PROFIBUS PA participants can be connected to a segment, Supply via PA bus

Segment Coupler 1
KFD2-BR-Ex1.3PA.93

Segment coupler for intrinsically safe PROFIBUS PA segment, PROFIBUS DP, EN 50170/2, RS 485: 93.75 kBit/s, PROFIBUS PA [EEx ia] IIC, PROFIBUS EN 50170/2, IEC 61158-2: 31.25 kBit/s, Master independent, Up to 10 Ex devices can be connected to the PA segment, Supply via PA bus

Voltage Repeater
KFD2-VR4-Ex1.26

1-channel isolated barrier, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), Voltage input 0 V … -20 V, Vibration sensor inputs, Voltage/current field supply, Voltage output 0 V … -20 V, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 0-20 V, Safe area: 0-20 V

Segment coupler
KFD2-BR-Ex1.3MOD.38

Segment coupler for MODBUS RTU, Segment coupler for intrinsically safe MODBUS RTU segment, MODBUS RTU [EEx ia] IIC IEC 61158-2: 31.25 kBit/s, Master independent, Up to 32 devices can be connected to RS 485 segment, up to 6 devices to the [EEx ia] segment, 24 V DC rated operational voltage, Removable terminals and Power Rail

Temperature converter
KFD2-UT2-Ex1-1

1-channel, 3-way galvanic isolation, Adjustment option of temperature measuring range for Pt100, Ni100 in 2-, 3- or 4-wire versions, Adjustment option of thermocouple (B, E, J, K, L, N, R, S or T), 2-wire resistance 0 Omega … 20 kOmega, 3-wire potentiometer 0.8 kOmega … 20 kOmega, Input: Temperature, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: 0-5 V, Explosion protection: Ex input

Logic control unit, universal frequency converter
KFD2-UFC-1.D

1-channel, Input frequency 1 mHz … 12 kHz, Analogue output 0/4 mA … 20 mA, Measuring range parameterisable, 2 relay outputs, 1 electronic output, isolated, Each output can be assigned individual parameters, such as a trip value (high/low alarm), serially switched output, pulse divider or error message output, Start-up override, Restart inhibit, Lead breakage (LB) monitoring and short-circuit (SC) monitoring, Bounce filter, Parameterisation via PC or control panel, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508

Frequency current converter with trip value
KFD2-UFC-Ex1.D

1-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, Input frequency 1 mHz … 5 kHz, Analogue output 0/4 mA … 20 mA, Measuring range parameterisable, 2 relay outputs, 1 electronic output, isolated, Each output can be assigned individual parameters, such as a trip value (high/low alarm), serially switched output, pulse divider or error message output, Start-up override, Restart inhibit, Lead breakage (LB) monitoring and short-circuit (SC) monitoring, Bounce filter, Parameterisation via PC or control panel

Temperature converter
KFD2-UT2-Ex2

2-channel, 1 input/2 outputs freely configurable, 3-way galvanic isolation, Resistance sensors acc. to IEC 751 or GOST 50353-92, Thermocouples acc. to IEC 584-1, GOST 50431-92 or GOST P85.585-2001, 2-wire resistance 0 Omega … 20 kOmega, 3-wire potentiometer 0.8 kOmega … 20 kOmega, Voltage signals between -100 mV and +100 mV, Input: Temperature, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: 4-20 mA, Explosion protection: Ex input

Frequency current converter with trip value monitoring as well as rotation direction and slip signalling
KFD2-UFT-2.D

2-channel, 2 frequency inputs, 2 control inputs, 2 relay outputs, 2 electronic outputs, isolated, Analogue output 0/4 mA … 20 mA, Lead monitoring (can be deactivated), Parameterisation via PC or control panel, Input frequency 1mHz … 1 kHz (slip monitor function 10 Hz … 1 kHz)

Frequency current converter with trip value monitoring as well as rotation direction and slip signalling
KFD2-UFT-Ex2.D

2-channel, Control circuit EEx ia IIC, 2 frequency inputs, 2 control inputs, 2 relay outputs, 2 electronic outputs, isolated, Analogue output 0/4 mA … 20 mA, Lead monitoring (can be deactivated), Parameterisation via PC or control panel, Input frequency 1mHz … 1 kHz (slip monitor function 10 Hz … 1 kHz), Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: 2 x 1 Changeover contact + 4-20 mA, Explosion protection: Ex input

DC repeater without auxiliary power
KFD0-CS-Ex1.50P

1-channel, Field circuit EEx ia IIC, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Accuracy 0.1 %, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: loop powered, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex protection, Field circuit: 4-20 mA, Safe area: 4-20 mA, Transfer direction: to the field

Solenoid Driver
KFD0-SD2-Ex2.1045

2-channel isolated barrier, 24 V DC supply (loop powered), Current limit 45 mA at 10 V DC, Up to SIL3 acc. to IEC 61508, Rated voltage: loop powered, SIL/IEC 61508, Explosion protection: Ex-Output, Output rated operating current: 45 mA

Transmitter Power Supply
KFD2-CRG2-Ex1.D

1-channel isolated barrier, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), 2-wire transmitters or current sources, Output 0/4 mA … 20 mA, 2 relay contact outputs, Programmable high/low alarm, Linearisation function (max 20 points), Line fault detection (LFD), Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0 … 20 mA or 4 … 20 mA, Limit alarm relay, Display, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

Transmitter Power Supply
KFD2-CRG2-1.D

1-channel signal conditioner, 24 V DC supply (Power Rail), 2-wire transmitters or current sources, Output 0/4 mA … 20 mA, 2 relay contact outputs, Programmable high/low alarm, Linearisation function (max 20 points), Line fault detection (LFD), Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 2-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0 … 20 mA or 4 … 20 mA, Limit alarm relay, Display, Input, current source

SMART transmitter power supply
KFD2-STC4-Ex1.2O

1-channel, Device installation permissible in zone 2, Input EEx ia IIC, U o = 25.4 V, 2 galvanically isolated outputs, 24 V DC supply voltage, SMART capable up to 7.5 kHz (-3 dB), EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Up to SIL2 acc. to IEC 61508, Input: 3-wire transmitter, Rated voltage: 20 … 35 V DC, SIL/IEC 61508, Output signal: 0/4 … 20 mA (overload > 25mA), HART transfer, Dual output, Input, current source, Explosion protection: Ex input

Current/voltage trip amplifier
KFD2-GS-1.2W

1-channel, 24 V DC supply voltage, 2 switching points operate on 2 output relays (changeover contacts) or limit value 1 actuates both output relays (DIP switch S1.6 in ON position), Measuring sockets for switching point (limit value) and actual value, High/low alarm settable, Mode of operation adjustable, Hysteresis 0 % … 60 % of measuring range, adjustable, EMC acc. to NAMUR NE 21, Rated voltage: 20 … 30 V DC, Output: 2 x 1 Changeover contact, Explosion protection: No Ex-protection

Posted by aliaswn in Control Valve, Technology No Comments →

Fire Protection and Prevention SYS

Fire Protection and Prevention

DEFINITIONS APPLICABLE TO THIS SUBPART – Â§1926.155

“Approved” means equipment that has been listed or approved by a nationally recognized testing laboratory such as Factory Mutual Engineering Corp., or Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc., or Federal agencies such as Bureau of Mines, or U.S. Coast Guard, which issue approvals for such equipment.

“Closed container” means a container so sealed by means of a lid or other device that neither liquid nor vapor will escape from it at ordinary temperatures.

“Combustible liquid” means any liquid having a flash point at or above 140 deg. F (60 deg. C), and below 200 deg. F (93.4 deg. C).

“Combustion” means any chemical process that involves oxidation sufficient to produce light or heat.

“Fire brigade” means an organized group of employees that are knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations.

“Fire resistance” means so resistant to fire that, for specified time and under conditions of a standard heat intensity, it will not fail structurally and will not permit the side away from the fire to become hotter than a specified temperature. For purposes of this part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, NFPA 251-1969.

“Flammable” means capable of being easily ignited, burning intensely, or having a rapid rate of flame spread.

“Flammable liquid” means any liquid having a flash point below 140 deg. F and having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 pounds per square inch (absolute) at 100 deg. F.

“Flash point” of the liquid means the temperature at which it gives off vapor sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the surface of the liquid or within the vessel used as determined by appropriate test procedure and apparatus as specified below.

(1) The flash point of liquids having a viscosity less than 45 Saybolt Universal Second(s) at 100 deg. F (37.8 deg. C) and a flash point below 175 deg. F (79.4 deg. C) shall be determined in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Tag Closed Tester, ASTM D-56-69.

(2) The flash point of liquids having a viscosity of 45 Saybolt Universal Second(s) or more at 175 deg. F. (79.4 deg. C) or higher shall be determined in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Pensky Martens Closed Tester, ASTM D-93-69.

“Liquefied petroleum gases,” “LPG” and “LP Gas” mean and include any material which is composed predominantly of any of the following hydrocarbons, or mixtures of them, such as propane, propylene, butane (normal butane or iso-butane), and butylenes.

“Portable tank” means a closed container having a liquid capacity more than 60 U.S. gallons, and not intended for fixed installation.

“Safety can” means an approved closed container, of not more than 5 gallons capacity, having a flash-arresting screen, spring-closing lid and spout cover and so designed that it will safely relieve internal pressure when subjected to fire exposure.

“Vapor pressure” means the pressure, measured in pounds per square inch (absolute), exerted by a volatile liquid as determined by the Standard Method of Test for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method), ASTM D-323-58.

FIRE PROTECTION – Â§1926.150

General Requirements

The employer shall be responsible for the development of a fire protection program to be followed throughout all phases of the construction and demolition work, and shall provide for the firefighting equipment as specified in this subpart. As fire hazards occur, there shall be no delay in providing the necessary equipment.

Access to all available firefighting equipment shall be maintained at all times. All firefighting equipment, provided by the employer, shall be conspicuously located.

All firefighting equipment shall be periodically inspected and maintained in operating condition. Defective equipment shall be immediately replaced.

As warranted by the project, the employer shall provide a trained and equipped firefighting organization (Fire Brigade) to assure adequate protection to life.

Water Supply

A temporary or permanent water supply, of sufficient volume, duration, and pressure, required to properly operate the firefighting equipment shall be made available as soon as combustible materials accumulate.

Where underground water mains are to be provided, they shall be installed, completed, and made available for use as soon as practicable.

Portable Firefighting Equipment

Fire Extinguishers and Small Hose Lines

A fire extinguisher, rated not less than 2A, shall be provided for each 3,000 square feet of the protected building area, or major fraction thereof. Travel distance from any point of the protected area to the nearest fire extinguisher shall not exceed 100 feet.

One 55-gallon open drum of water with two fire pails may be substituted for a fire extinguisher having a 2A rating.

A Â½-inch diameter garden-type hose line, not to exceed 100 feet in length and equipped with a nozzle, may be substituted for a 2A-rated fire extinguisher, providing it is capable of discharging a minimum of 5 gallons per minute with a minimum hose stream range of 30 feet horizontally. The garden-type hose lines shall be mounted on conventional racks or reels. The number and location of hose racks or reels shall be such that at least one hose stream can be applied to all points in the area.

One or more fire extinguishers, rated not less than 2A, shall be provided on each floor. In multistory buildings, at least one fire extinguisher shall be located adjacent to stairway.

Extinguishers and water drums, subject to freezing, shall be protected from freezing.

A fire extinguisher, rated not less than 10B, shall be provided within 50 feet of wherever more than 5 gallons of flammable or combustible liquids or 5 pounds of flammable gas are being used on the jobsite. This requirement does not apply to the integral fuel tanks of motor vehicles.

Carbon tetrachloride and other toxic vaporizing liquid fire extinguishers are prohibited.

Portable fire extinguishers shall be inspected periodically and maintained in accordance with Maintenance and Use of Portable Fire Extinguishers, NFPA No. 10A-1970. Fire extinguishers which have been listed or approved by a nationally recognized testing laboratory, shall be used to meet the requirements of this subpart.

Table F-1 in Â§1926.150(c)(1)(x) may be used as a guide for selecting the appropriate portable fire extinguishers.

Fire Hose and Connections

One hundred feet, or less, of 1Â½-inch hose, with a nozzle capable of discharging water at 25 gallons or more per minute, may be substituted for a fire extinguisher rated not more than 2A in the designated area provided that the hose line can reach all points in the area.

If fire hose connections are not compatible with local firefighting equipment, the contractor shall provide adapters, or equivalent, to permit connections.

During demolition involving combustible materials, charged hose lines, supplied by hydrants, water tank trucks with pumps, or equivalent, shall be made available.

Fixed Firefighting Equipment

Sprinkler Protection

If the facility being constructed includes the installation of automatic sprinkler protection, the installation shall closely follow the construction and be placed in service as soon as applicable laws permit following completion of each story.

During demolition or alterations, existing automatic sprinkler installations shall be retained in service as long as reasonable. The operation of sprinkler control valves shall be permitted only by properly authorized persons. Modification of sprinkler systems to permit alterations or additional demolition should be expedited so that the automatic protection may be returned to service as quickly as possible. Sprinkler control valves shall be checked daily at close of work to ascertain that the protection is in service.

Standpipes

In all structures in which standpipes are required, or where standpipes exist in structures being altered, they shall be brought up as soon as applicable laws permit, and shall be maintained as construction progresses in such a manner that they are always ready for fire protection use. The standpipes shall be provided with Siamese fire department connections on the outside of the structure, at the street level, which shall be conspicuously marked. There shall be at least one standard hose outlet at each floor.

Fire Alarm Devices

An alarm system, e.g., telephone system, siren, etc., shall be established by the employer whereby employees on the site and the local fire department can be alerted for an emergency. The alarm code and reporting instructions shall be conspicuously posted at phones and at employee entrances.

Fire Cutoffs

Fire walls and exit stairways, required for the completed buildings, shall be given construction priority. Fire doors, with automatic closing devices, shall be hung on openings as soon as practicable.

Fire cutoffs shall be retained in buildings undergoing alterations or demolition until operations necessitate their removal.

FIRE PREVENTION – Â§1926.151

Ignition Hazards

Electrical wiring and equipment for light, heat, or power purposes shall be installed in compliance with the requirements of Subpart K, Electrical.

Internal combustion engine powered equipment shall be so located that the exhausts are well away from combustible materials. When the exhausts are piped to outside the building under construction, a clearance of at least 6 inches shall be maintained between such piping and combustible material.

Smoking shall be prohibited at or in the vicinity of operations which constitute a fire hazard, and shall be conspicuously posted: “No Smoking or Open Flame.”

Portable battery powered lighting equipment, used in connection with the storage, handling, or use of flammable gases or liquids, shall be of the type approved for the hazardous locations.

The nozzle of air, inert gas, and steam lines or hoses, when used in the cleaning or ventilation of tanks and vessels that contain hazardous concentrations of flammable gases or vapors, shall be bonded to the tank or vessel shell. Bonding devices shall not be attached or detached in hazardous concentrations of flammable gases or vapors.

Temporary Buildings

No temporary building shall be erected where it will adversely affect any means of exit.

Temporary buildings, when located within another building or structure, shall be of either noncombustible construction or of combustible construction having a fire resistance of not less than 1 hour.

Temporary buildings, located other than inside another building and not used for the storage, handling, or use of flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, explosives, or blasting agents, or similar hazardous occupancies, shall be located at a distance of not less than 10 feet from another building or structure. Groups of temporary buildings, not exceeding 2,000 square feet in aggregate, shall, for the purposes of this part, be considered a single temporary building.

Open Yard Storage

Combustible materials shall be piled with due regard to the stability of piles and in no case higher than 20 feet.

Driveways between and around combustible storage piles shall be at least 15 feet wide and maintained free from accumulation of rubbish, equipment, or other articles or materials. Driveways shall be so spaced that a maximum grid system unit of 50 feet by 150 feet is produced.

The entire storage site shall be kept free from accumulation of unnecessary combustible materials. Weeds and grass shall be kept down and a regular procedure provided for the periodic cleanup of the entire area. When there is a danger of an underground fire, that land shall not be used for combustible or flammable storage.

Method of piling shall be solid wherever possible and in orderly and regular piles. No combustible material shall be stored outdoors within 10 feet of a building or structure.

Portable fire extinguishing equipment, suitable for the fire hazard involved, shall be provided at convenient, conspicuously accessible locations in the yard area. Portable fire extinguishers, rated not less than 2A, shall be placed so that maximum travel distance to the nearest unit shall not exceed 100 feet.

Indoor Storage

Storage shall not obstruct, or adversely affect, means of exit. All materials shall be stored, handled, and piled with due regard to their fire characteristics.

Noncompatible materials, which may create a fire hazard, shall be segregated by a barrier having a fire resistance of at least 1 hour.

Material shall be piled to minimize the spread of fire internally and to permit convenient access for firefighting. Stable piling shall be maintained at all times. Aisle space shall be maintained to safely accommodate the widest vehicle that may be used within the building for firefighting purposes.

Clearance of at least 36 inches shall be maintained between the top level of the stored material and the sprinkler deflectors.

Clearance shall be maintained around lights and heating units to prevent ignition of combustible materials.

A clearance of 24 inches shall be maintained around the path of travel of fire doors unless a barricade is provided, in which case no clearance is needed. Material shall not be stored within 36 inches of a fire door opening.

FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS – Â§1926.152

General Requirements

Only approved containers and portable tanks shall be used for storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids. Approved metal safety cans shall be used for the handling and use of flammable liquids in quantities greater than one gallon, except that this shall not apply to those flammable liquid materials which are highly viscid (extremely hard to pour), which may be used and handled in original shipping containers. For quantities of one gallon or less, only the original container or approved metal safety cans shall be used for storage, use, and handling of flammable liquids.

Flammable or combustible liquids shall not be stored in areas used for exits, stairways, or normally used for the safe passage of people.

Indoor Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids

No more than 25 gallons of flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored in a room outside of an approved storage cabinet. For storage of liquefied petroleum gas, see Â§1926.153.

Quantities of flammable and combustible liquid in excess of 25 gallons shall be stored in an acceptable or approved cabinet meeting the following requirements:

(i) Acceptable wooden storage cabinets shall be constructed in the following manner, or equivalent: The bottom, sides, and top shall be constructed of an exterior grade of plywood at least 1 inch in thickness, which shall not break down or delaminate under standard fire test conditions. All joints shall be rabbeted and shall be fastened in two directions with flathead wood screws. When more than one door is used, there shall be a rabbeted overlap of not less than 1 inch. Steel hinges shall be mounted in such a manner as to not lose their holding capacity due to loosening or burning out of the screws when subjected to fire. Such cabinets shall be painted inside and out with fire retardant paint.

(ii) Approved metal storage cabinets will be acceptable.

(iii) Cabinets shall be labeled in conspicuous lettering, “Flammable-Keep Fire Away.”

Not more than 60 gallons of flammable or 120 gallons of combustible liquids shall be stored in any one storage cabinet. Not more than three such cabinets may be located in a single storage area. Quantities in excess of this shall be stored in an inside storage room.

Inside storage rooms shall be constructed to meet the required fire-resistive rating for their use. Such construction shall comply with the test specifications set forth in Standard Methods of Fire Test of Building Construction and Material, NFPA 251-1969.

Where an automatic extinguishing system is provided, the system shall be designed and installed in an approved manner. Openings to other rooms or buildings shall be provided with noncombustible liquid-tight raised sills or ramps at least 4 inches in height, or the floor in the storage area shall be at least 4 inches below the surrounding floor. Openings shall be provided with approved self-closing fire doors. The room shall be liquid-tight where the walls join the floor. A permissible alternate to the sill or ramp is an open-grated trench, inside of the room, which drains to a safe location. Where other portions of the building or other buildings are exposed, windows shall be protected as set forth in the Standard for Fire Doors and Windows, NFPA No. 80-1970, for Class E or F openings. Wood of at least 1-inch nominal thickness may be used for shelving, racks, dunnage, scuffboards, floor overlay, and similar installations.

Materials which will react with water and create a fire hazard shall not be stored in the same room with flammable or combustible liquids.

Storage in inside storage rooms shall comply with Table F-2:

TABLE F-2
Fire Protection Provided	Fire Resistance	Maximum Size	Total Allowable Quantities (gal./sq. ft. floor area)
Yes	2 hrs.	500 sq. ft.	10
No	2 hrs.	500 sq. ft.	4
Yes	1 hr.	150 sq. ft.	5
No	1 hr.	150 sq. ft.	2

NOTE: Fire protection system shall be sprinkler, water spray, carbon dioxide or other system approved by a nationally recognized testing laboratory for this purpose.

Electrical wiring and equipment located in inside storage rooms shall be approved for Class I, Division 1, Hazardous Locations. For definition of Class I, Division 1, Hazardous Locations, see Â§1926.449.

Every inside storage room shall be provided with either a gravity or a mechanical exhausting system. Such system shall commence not more than 12 inches above the floor and be designed to provide for a complete change of air within the room at least 6 times per hour. If a mechanical exhausting system is used, it shall be controlled by a switch located outside of the door. The ventilating equipment and any lighting fixtures shall be operated by the same switch. An electric pilot light shall be installed adjacent to the switch if flammable liquids are dispensed within the room. Where gravity ventilation is provided, the fresh air intake, as well as the exhausting outlet from the room, shall be on the exterior of the building in which the room is located.

In every inside storage room there shall be maintained one clear aisle at least 3 feet wide. Containers over 30 gallons capacity shall not be stacked one upon the other.

Flammable and combustible liquids in excess of that permitted in inside storage rooms shall be stored outside of buildings in accordance with paragraph “Storage Outside Buildings” of this section.

The quantity of flammable or combustible liquids kept in the vicinity of spraying operations shall be the minimum required for operations and should ordinarily not exceed a supply for 1 day or one shift. Bulk storage of portable containers of flammable or combustible liquids shall be in a separate, constructed building detached from other important buildings or cut off in a standard manner.

Storage Outside Buildings

Storage of containers (not more than 60 gallons each) shall not exceed 1,100 gallons in any one pile or area. Piles or groups of containers shall be separated by a 5-foot clearance. Piles or groups of containers shall not be nearer than 20 feet to a building.

Within 200 feet of each pile of containers, there shall be a 12-foot-wide access way to permit approach of fire control apparatus.

The storage area shall be graded in a manner to divert possible spills away from buildings or other exposures, or shall be surrounded by a curb or earth dike at least 12 inches high. When curbs or dikes are used, provisions shall be made for draining off accumulations of ground or rain water, or spills of flammable or combustible liquids. Drains shall terminate at a safe location and shall be accessible to operation under fire conditions.

Outdoor portable tank storage:

(i) Portable tanks shall not be nearer than 20 feet from any building. Two or more portable tanks, grouped together, having a combined capacity in excess of 2,200 gallons, shall be separated by a 5-foot-clear area. Individual portable tanks exceeding 1,100 gallons shall be separated by a 5-foot-clear area.

(ii) Within 200 feet of each portable tank, there shall be a 12-foot-wide access way to permit approach of fire control apparatus.

Storage areas shall be kept free of weeds, debris, and other combustible material not necessary to the storage.

Portable tanks, not exceeding 660 gallons, shall be provided with emergency venting and other devices, as required by chapters III and IV of NFPA 30-1969, The Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code.

Portable tanks, in excess of 660 gallons, shall have emergency venting and other devices, as required by chapters II and III of The Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, NFPA 30-1969.

Fire Control for Flammable or Combustible Liquid Storage

At least one portable fire extinguisher, having a rating of not less than 20-B units, shall be located outside of, but not more than 10 feet from, the door opening into any room used for storage of more than 60 gallons of flammable or combustible liquids.

At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than 20-B units shall be located not less than 25 feet, nor more than 75 feet, from any flammable liquid storage area located outside.

When sprinklers are provided, they shall be installed in accordance with the Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, NFPA 13-1969.

At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than 20-B:C units shall be provided on all tank trucks or other vehicles used for transporting and/or dispensing flammable or combustible liquids.

Dispensing Liquids

Areas in which flammable or combustible liquids are transferred at one time, in quantities greater than 5 gallons from one tank or container to another tank or container, shall be separated from other operations by 25-feet distance or by construction having a fire resistance of at least 1 hour. Drainage or other means shall be provided to control spills. Adequate natural or mechanical ventilation shall be provided to maintain the concentration of flammable vapor at or below 10 percent of the lower flammable limit.

Transfer of flammable liquids from one container to another shall be done only when containers are electrically interconnected (bonded).

Flammable or combustible liquids shall be drawn from or transferred into vessels, containers, or tanks within a building or outside only through a closed piping system, from safety cans, by means of a device drawing through the top, or from a container, or portable tanks, by gravity or pump, through an approved self-closing valve. Transferring by means of air pressure on the container or portable tanks is prohibited.

The dispensing units shall be protected against collision damage. Dispensing devices and nozzles for flammable liquids shall be of an approved type.

Handling Liquids at Point of Final Use

Flammable liquids shall be kept in closed containers when not actually in use.

Leakage or spillage of flammable or combustible liquids shall be disposed of promptly and safely.

Flammable liquids may be used only where there are no open flames or other sources of ignition within 50 feet of the operation, unless conditions warrant greater clearance.

Service and Refueling Areas

Flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored in approved closed containers, in tanks located underground, or in aboveground portable tanks.

The tank trucks shall comply with the requirements covered in the Standard for Tank Vehicles for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, NFPA No. 385-1966.

The dispensing hose shall be an approved type, and the dispensing nozzle shall be an approved automatic-closing type without a latch-open device.

Underground tanks shall not be abandoned.

Clearly identified and easily accessible switch(es) shall be provided at a location remote from dispensing devices to shut off the power to all dispensing devices in the event of an emergency.

Heating equipment of an approved type may be installed in the lubrication or service area where there is no dispensing or transferring of flammable liquids, provided the bottom of the heating unit is at least 18 inches above the floor and is protected from physical damage.

Heating equipment installed in lubrication or service areas, where flammable liquids are dispensed, shall be of an approved type for garages, and shall be installed at least 8 feet above the floor.

There shall be no smoking or open flames in the areas used for fueling, servicing fuel systems for internal combustion engines, receiving or dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids. Conspicuous and legible signs prohibiting smoking shall be posted.

The motors of all equipment being fueled shall be shut off during the fueling operation.

Each service or fueling area shall be provided with at least one fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than 20-B:C located so that an extinguisher will be within 75 feet of each pump, dispenser, underground fill pipe opening, and lubrication or service area.

Scope

This section applies to the handling, storage, and use of flammable and combustible liquids with a flashpoint below 200 deg. F (93.33 deg. C). This section does not apply to: (1) Bulk transportation of flammable and combustible liquids; and (2) Storage, handling, and use of fuel oil tanks and containers connected with oil burning equipment.

Tank Storage

Refer to Â§1926.152(i) for design, construction, and installation requirements for flammable or combustible liquid storage tanks.

Piping, Valves, and Fittings

Refer to Â§1926.152(j) for design, fabrication, assembly, test, and inspection requirements for piping systems containing flammable or combustible liquids.

Marine Service Stations

Refer to Â§1926.152(k) for dispensing, tanks and pumps, and piping service stations where flammable or combustible liquids used as fuels are stored and dispensed.

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LP-GAS) – Â§1926.153

Approval of Equipment and Systems

Each system shall have containers, valves, connectors, manifold valve assemblies, and regulators of an approved type.

All cylinders shall meet the Department of Transportation specification identification requirements published in 49 CFR Part 178, Shipping Container Specifications.

As used in this section, “Containers” are defined as all vessels, such as tanks, cylinders, or drums, used for transportation or storing liquefied petroleum gases.

Welding on LP-Gas Containers

Welding is prohibited on containers.

Container Valves and Container Accessories

Valves, fittings, and accessories connected directly to the container, including primary shut off valves, shall have a rated working pressure of at least 250 p.s.i.g. and shall be of material and design suitable for LP-Gas service.

Connections to containers, except safety relief connections, liquid level gauging devices, and plugged openings, shall have shutoff valves located as close to the container as practicable.

Safety Devices

Every container and every vaporizer shall be provided with one or more approved safety relief valves or devices. These valves shall be arranged to afford free vent to the outer air with discharge not less than 5 feet horizontally away from any opening into a building which is below such discharge.

Shutoff valves shall not be installed between the safety relief device and the container, or the equipment or piping to which the safety relief device is connected, except that a shutoff valve may be used where the arrangement of this valve is such that full required capacity flow through the safety relief device is always afforded.

Container safety relief devices and regulator relief vents shall be located not less than 5 feet in any direction from air openings into sealed combustion system appliances or mechanical ventilation air intakes.

Dispensing

Filling of fuel containers for trucks or motor vehicles from bulk storage containers shall be performed not less than 10 feet from the nearest masonry-walled building, or not less than 25 feet from the nearest building or other construction and, in any event, not less than 25 feet from any building opening.

Filling of portable containers or containers mounted on skids from storage containers shall be performed not less than 50 feet from the nearest building.

Requirements for Appliances

Any appliance that was originally manufactured for operation with a gaseous fuel other than LP-Gas, and is in good condition, may be used with LP-Gas only after it is properly converted, adapted, and tested for performance with LP-Gas before the appliance is placed in use.

Containers shall be upright upon firm foundations or otherwise firmly secured. The possible effect on the outlet piping of settling shall be guarded against by a flexible connection or special fitting.

Containers and Equipment Used Inside of Buildings or Structures

When operational requirements make portable use of containers necessary, and their location outside of buildings or structures is impracticable, containers and equipment shall be permitted to be used inside of buildings or structures in accordance with paragraphs (h)(2) through (11) of this section.

“Containers in use” means connected for use.

Systems utilizing containers having a water capacity greater than 2Â½ pounds (nominal 1 pound LP-Gas capacity) shall be equipped with excess flow valves. Such excess flow valves shall be either integral with the container valves or in the connections to the container valve outlets.

Regulators shall be either directly connected to the container valves or to manifolds connected to the container valves. The regulator shall be suitable for use with LP-Gas. Manifolds and fittings connecting containers to pressure regulator inlets shall be designed for at least 250 p.s.i.g. service pressure.

Valves on containers having water capacity greater than 50 pounds (nominal 20 pounds LP-Gas capacity) shall be protected from damage while in use or storage.

Aluminum piping or tubing shall not be used.

Hose shall be designed for a working pressure of at least 250 p.s.i.g. Design, construction, and performance of hose, and hose connections shall have their suitability determined by listing by a nationally recognized testing agency. The hose length shall be as short as practicable. Hoses shall be long enough to permit compliance with spacing provisions of paragraphs (h)(1) through (13) of this section, without kinking or straining, or causing hose to be so close to a burner as to be damaged by heat.

Portable heaters, including salamanders, shall be equipped with an approved automatic device to shut off the flow of gas to the main burner, and pilot if used, in the event of flame failure. Such heaters, having inputs above 50,000 B.t.u. per hour, shall be equipped with either a pilot, which must be lighted and proved before the main burner can be turned on, or an electrical ignition system.

NOTE: The provisions of this subparagraph do not apply to portable heaters under 7,500 B.t.u. per hour input when used with containers having a maximum water capacity of 2Â½ pounds.

Container valves, connectors, regulators, manifolds, piping, and tubing shall not be used as structural supports for heaters.

Containers, regulating equipment, manifolds, pipe, tubing, and hose shall be located to minimize exposure to high temperatures or physical damage.

Containers having a water capacity greater than 2Â½ pounds (nominal 1 pound LP-Gas capacity) connected for use shall stand on a firm and substantially level surface and, when necessary, shall be secured in an upright position.

The maximum water capacity of individual containers shall be 245 pounds (nominal 100 pounds LP-Gas capacity).

For temporary heating, heaters (other than integral heater-container units) shall be located at least 6 feet from any LP-Gas container. This shall not prohibit the use of heaters specifically designed for attachment to the container or to a supporting standard, provided they are designed and installed so as to prevent direct or radiant heat application from the heater onto the containers. Blower and radiant type heaters shall not be directed toward any LP-Gas container within 20 feet.

If two or more heater-container units, of either the integral or nonintegral type, are located in an unpartitioned area on the same floor, the container or containers of each unit shall be separated from the container or containers of any other unit by at least 20 feet.

When heaters are connected to containers for use in an unpartitioned area on the same floor, the total water capacity of containers, manifolded together for connection to a heater or heaters, shall not be greater than 735 pounds (nominal 300 pounds LP-Gas capacity). Such manifolds shall be separated by at least 20 feet.

Storage of containers awaiting use shall be in accordance with paragraphs (j) and (k) of this section.

Multiple Container Systems

Valves in the assembly of multiple container systems shall be arranged so that replacement of containers can be made without shutting off the flow of gas in the system. This provision is not to be construed as requiring an automatic changeover device.

Heaters shall be equipped with an approved regulator in the supply line between the fuel cylinder and the heater unit. Cylinder connectors shall be provided with an excess flow valve to minimize the flow of gas in the event the fuel line becomes ruptured.

Regulators and low-pressure relief devices shall be rigidly attached to the cylinder valves, cylinders, supporting standards, the building walls, or otherwise rigidly secured, and shall be so installed or protected from the elements.

Storage of LPG Containers

Storage of LPG within buildings is prohibited.

Storage Outside of Buildings

Storage outside of buildings, for containers awaiting use, shall be located from the nearest building or group of buildings, in accordance with the following:

TABLE F-3
Quantity of LP-Gas Stored	Distance (feet)
500 lbs. or less	0
501 to 6,000 lbs.	10
6,001 to 10,000 lbs.	20
Over 10,000 lbs	25

Containers shall be in a suitable ventilated enclosure or otherwise protected against tampering.

Fire Protection

Storage locations shall be provided with at least one approved portable fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than 20-B:C.

Systems Utilizing Containers Other Than DOT Containers

This paragraph applies specifically to systems utilizing storage containers other than those constructed in accordance with DOT specifications. Paragraph (b) of this section applies to this paragraph unless otherwise noted in paragraph (b) of this section.

Storage containers shall be designed and classified in accordance with Table F-31 of Â§1926.153(m)(2).

Containers with foundations attached (portable or semiportable containers with suitable steel “runners” or “skids” and popularly known in the industry as “skid tanks”) shall be designed, installed, and used in accordance with these rules subject to the following provisions:

(i) If they are to be used at a given general location for a temporary period not to exceed 6 months they need not have fire-resisting foundations or saddles but shall have adequate ferrous metal supports.

(ii) They shall not be located with the outside bottom of the container shell more than 5 feet (1.52 m) above the surface of the ground unless fire-resisting supports are provided.

(iii) The bottom of the skids shall not be less than 2 inches (5.08 cm) or more than 12 inches (30.48 cm) below the outside bottom of the container shell.

(iv) Flanges, nozzles, valves, fittings, and the like, having communication with the interior of the container, shall be protected against physical damage.

(v) When not permanently located on fire-resisting foundations, piping connections shall be sufficiently flexible to minimize the possibility of breakage or leakage of connections if the container settles, moves, or is otherwise displaced.

(vi) Skids, or lugs for attachment of skids, shall be secured to the container in accordance with the code or rules under which the container is designed and built (with a minimum factor of safety of four) to withstand loading in any direction equal to four times the weight of the container and attachments when filled to the maximum permissible loaded weight.

Field welding where necessary shall be made only on saddle plates or brackets which were applied by the manufacturer of the tank.

Marking of Gas Cylinders

When LP-Gas and one or more other gases are stored or used in the same area, the containers shall be marked to identify their content. Marking shall be in compliance with American National Standard Z48.1-1954, Method of Marking Portable Compressed Gas Containers To Identify the Material Contained.

Damage From Vehicles

When damage to LP-Gas systems from vehicular traffic is a possibility, precautions against such damage shall be taken.

TEMPORARY HEATING DEVICES – Â§1926.154

Ventilation

Fresh air shall be supplied in sufficient quantities to maintain the health and safety of workers. Where natural means of fresh air supply is inadequate, mechanical ventilation shall be provided.

When heaters are used in confined spaces, special care shall be taken to provide sufficient ventilation in order to ensure proper combustion, maintain the health and safety of workers, and limit temperature rise in the area.

Clearance and Mounting

Temporary heating devices shall be installed to provide clearance to combustible material not less than the amount shown in Table F-4 in Â§1926.154(b)(1).

Temporary heating devices, which are listed for installation with lesser clearances than specified in Table F-4, may be installed in accordance with their approval.

Heaters not suitable for use on wood floors shall not be set directly upon them or other combustible materials. When such heaters are used, they shall rest on suitable heat insulating material or at least 1-inch concrete, or equivalent. The insulating material shall extend beyond the heater 2 feet or more in all directions.

Heaters used in the vicinity of combustible tarpaulins, canvas, or similar coverings shall be located at least 10 feet from the coverings. The coverings shall be securely fastened to prevent ignition or upsetting of the heater due to wind action on the covering or other material.

Stability

Heaters, when in use, shall be set horizontally level, unless otherwise permitted by the manufacturer’s markings.

Solid Fuel Salamanders

Solid fuel salamanders are prohibited in buildings and on scaffolds.

Oil-Fired Heaters

Flammable liquid-fired heaters shall be equipped with a primary safety control to stop the flow of fuel in the event of flame failure. Barometric or gravity oil feed shall not be considered a primary safety control.

Heaters designed for barometric or gravity oil feed shall be used only with the integral tanks.

Heaters specifically designed and approved for use with separate supply tanks may be directly connected for gravity feed, or an automatic pump, from a supply tank.

Posted by aliaswn in News, Technology No Comments →

Fire Gas Detection SYstem

1: Fire Growth and Behavior
Before attempting to understand fire detection systems and automatic sprinklers, it is beneficial to possess a basic knowledge of fire development and behavior. With this information, the role and interaction of these supplemental fire safety systems in the protection process can then be better realized.

Basically, a fire is a chemical reaction in which a carbon based material (fuel), mixes with oxygen (usually as a component of air), and is heated to a point where flammable vapors are produced. These vapors can then come in contact with something that is hot enough to cause vapor ignition, and a resulting fire. In simple terms, something that can burn touches something that is hot, and a fire is produced.

Libraries, archives, museums, and historic structures frequently contain numerous fuels. These include books, manuscripts, records, artifacts, combustible interior finishes, cabinets, furnishings, and laboratory chemicals. It should be recognized that any item containing wood, plastic, paper, fabric, or combustible liquids is a potential fuel. They also contain several common, potential ignition sources including any item, action, or process which produces heat. These encompass electric lighting and power systems, heating and air conditioning equipment, heat producing conservation and maintenance activities, and electric office appliance. Flame generating construction activities such as soldering, brazing, and cutting are frequent sources of ignition. Arson is unfortunately one of the most common cultural property ignition sources, and must always be considered in fire safety planning.

When the ignition source contacts the fuel, a fire can start. Following this contact, the typical accidental fire begins as a slow growth, smoldering process which may last from a few minutes to several hours. The duration of this “incipient” period is dependent on a variety of factors including fuel type, its physical arrangement, and quantity of available oxygen. During this period heat generation increases, producing light to moderate volumes of smoke. The characteristic smell of smoke is usually the first indication that an incipient fire is underway. It is during this stage that early detection (either human or automatic), followed by a timely response by qualified fire emergency professionals, can control the fire before significant losses occur.

As the fire reaches the end of the incipient period, there is usually enough heat generation to permit the onset of open, visible flames. Once flames have appeared, the fire changes from a relatively minor situation to a serious event with rapid flame and heat growth. Ceiling temperatures can exceed 1,000Â° C (1,800Â° F) within the first minutes. These flames can ignite adjacent combustible contents within the room, and immediately endanger the lives of the room’s occupants. Within 3-5 minutes, the room ceiling acts like a broiler, raising temperatures high enough to “flash”, which simultaneously ignites all combustibles in the room. At this point, most contents will be destroyed and human survivability becomes impossible. Smoke generation in excess of several thousand cubic meters (feet) per minute will occur, obscuring visibility and impacting contents remote from the fire.

If the building is structurally sound, heat and flames will likely consume all remaining combustibles and then self extinguish (burn out). However, if wall and/or ceiling fire resistance is inadequate, (i.e. open doors, wall/ceiling breaches, combustible building construction), the fire can spread into adjacent spaces, and start the process over. If the fire remains uncontrolled, complete destruction or “burn out” of the entire building and contents may ultimately result.

Successful fire suppression is dependent on extinguishing flames before, or immediately upon, flaming combustion. Otherwise, the resulting damage may be too severe to recover from. During the incipient period, a trained person with portable fire extinguishers may be an effective first line of defense. However, should an immediate response fail or the fire grow rapidly, extinguisher capabilities can be surpassed within the first minute. More powerful suppression methods, either fire department hoses or automatic systems, then become essential.

A fire can have far reaching impact on the institution’s buildings, contents and mission. General consequences may include:

* Collections damage. Most heritage institutions house unique and irreplaceable objects. Fire generated heat and smoke can severely damage or totally destroy these items beyond repair.

* Operations and mission damage. Heritage occupancies often contain educational facilities, conservation laboratories, catalogue services, administrative/support staff offices, exhibition production, retail, food service, and a host of other activities. A fire can shut these down with adverse impact on the organization’s mission and its clientele.

* Structure damage. Buildings provide the “shell” that safeguards collections, operations and occupants from weather, pollution, vandalism and numerous other environmental elements. A fire can destroy walls, floors, ceiling/roof assemblies and structural support, as well as systems that illuminate, control temperature and humidity, and supply electrical power. This can in turn lead to content harm, and expensive relocation activities.

* Knowledge loss. Books, manuscripts, photographs, films, recordings and other archival collections contain a vast wealth of information that can be destroyed by fire.

* Injury or loss of life. The lives of staff and visitors can be endangered.

* Public relations impact. Staff and visitors expect safe conditions in heritage buildings. Those who donate or loan collections presume these items will be safeguarded. A severe fire could shake public confidence and cause a devastating public relations impact.

* Building security. A fire represents the single greatest security threat! Given the same amount of time, an accidental or intentionally set fire can cause far greater harm to collections than the most accomplished thieves. Immense volumes of smoke and toxic gases can cause confusion and panic, thereby creating the ideal opportunity for unlawful entry and theft. Unrestricted firefighting operations will be necessary, adding to the security risk. Arson fires set to conceal a crime are common.

To minimize fire risk and its impact, heritage institutions should develop and implement comprehensive and objective fire protection programs. Program elements should include fire prevention efforts, building construction improvements, methods to detect a developing fire and alert emergency personnel, and means to effectively extinguish a fire. Each component is important toward overall accomplishment of the institution’s fire safety goal. It is important for management to outline desired protection objectives during a fire and establish a program that addresses these goals. Therefore, the basic question to be asked by the property’s managers is, “What maximum fire size and loss can the institution accept?” With this information, goal oriented protection can be implemented.

2: Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
2.1: Introduction
A key aspect of fire protection is to identify a developing fire emergency in a timely manner, and to alert the building’s occupants and fire emergency organizations. This is the role of fire detection and alarm systems. Depending on the anticipated fire scenario, building and use type, number and type of occupants, and criticality of contents and mission, these systems can provide several main functions. First they provide a means to identify a developing fire through either manual or automatic methods and second, they alert building occupants to a fire condition and the need to evacuate. Another common function is the transmission of an alarm notification signal to the fire department or other emergency response organization. They may also shut down electrical, air handling equipment or special process operations, and they may be used to initiate automatic suppression systems. This section will describe the basic aspects of fire detection and alarm systems.

2.2: Control Panels
The control panel is the “brain” of the fire detection and alarm system. It is responsible for monitoring the various alarm “input” devices such as manual and automatic detection components, and then activating alarm “output” devices such as horns, bells, warning lights, emergency telephone dialers, and building controls. Control panels may range from simple units with a single input and output zone, to complex computer driven systems that monitor several buildings over an entire campus. There are two main control panel arrangements, conventional and addressable, which will be discussed below.

Conventional or “point wired” fire detection and alarm systems were for many years the standard method for providing emergency signaling. In a conventional system one or more circuits are routed through the protected space or building. Along each circuit, one or more detection devices are placed. Selection and placement of these detectors is dependent upon a variety of factors including the need for automatic or manual initiation, ambient temperature and environmental conditions, the anticipated type of fire, and the desired speed of response. One or more device types are commonly located along a circuit to address a variety of needs and concerns.

Upon fire occurrence, one or more detectors will operate. This action closes the circuit, which the fire control panel recognizes as an emergency condition. The panel will then activate one or more signaling circuits to sound building alarms and summon emergency help. The panel may also send the signal to another alarm panel so that it can be monitored from a remote point.

In order to help insure that the system is functioning properly, these systems monitor the condition of each circuit by sending a small current through the wires. Should a fault occur, such as due to a wiring break, this current cannot proceed and is registered as a “trouble” condition. The indication is a need for service somewhere along the respective circuit.

In a conventional alarm system, all alarm initiating and signaling is accomplished by the system’s hardware which includes multiple sets of wire, various closing and opening relays, and assorted diodes. Because of this arrangement, these systems are actually monitoring and controlling circuits, and not individual devices.

To further explain this, assume that a building’s fire alarm system has 5 circuits, zones A through E, and that each circuit has 10 smoke detectors and 2 manual stations located in various rooms of each zone. A fire ignition in one of the rooms monitored by zone “A” causes a smoke detector to go into alarm. This will be reported by the fire alarm control panel as a fire in circuit or zone “A”. It will not indicate the specific detector type nor location within this zone. Emergency responding personnel may need to search the entire zone to determine where the device is reporting a fire. Where zones have several rooms, or concealed spaces, this response can be time consuming and wasteful of valuable response opportunity.

The advantage of conventional systems is that they are relatively simple for small to intermediate size buildings. Servicing does not require a large amount of specialized training.

A disadvantage is that for large buildings, they can be expensive to install because of the extensive amounts of wire that are necessary to accurately monitor initiating devices.

Conventional systems may also be inherently labor intensive and expensive to maintain. Each detection device may require some form of operational test to verify it is in working condition. Smoke detectors must be periodically removed, cleaned, and recalibrated to prevent improper operation. With a conventional system, there is no accurate way of determining which detectors are in need of servicing. Consequently, each detector must be removed and serviced, which can be a time consuming, labor intensive, and costly endeavor. If a fault occurs, the “trouble” indication only states that the circuit has failed, but does not specifically state where the problem is occurring. Subsequently, technicians must survey the entire circuit to identify the problem.

Addressable or “intelligent” systems represent the current state-of-the-art in fire detection and alarm technology. Unlike conventional alarm methods, these systems monitor and control the capabilities of each alarm initiating and signaling device through microprocessors and system software. In effect, each intelligent fire alarm system is a small computer overseeing and operating a series of input and output devices.

Like a conventional system, the address system consists of one or more circuits that radiate throughout the space or building. Also, like standard systems, one or more alarm initiating devices may be located along these circuits. The major difference between system types involves the way in which each device is monitored. In an addressable system, each initiating device (automatic detector, manual station, sprinkler waterflow switch, etc.) is given a specific identification or “address”. This address is correspondingly programmed into the control panel’s memory with information such as the type of device, its location, and specific response details such as which alarm devices are to be activated.

The control panel’s microprocessor sends a constant interrogation signal over each circuit, in which each initiating device is contacted to inquire its status (normal or emergency). This active monitoring process occurs in rapid succession, providing system updates every 5 to 10 seconds.

The addressable system also monitors the condition of each circuit, identifying any faults which may occur. One of the advancements offered by these systems is their ability to specifically identify where a fault has developed. Therefore, instead of merely showing a fault along a wire, they will indicate the location of the problem. This permits faster diagnosis of the trouble, and allows a quicker repair and return to normal.

Advantages provided by addressable alarm systems include stability, enhanced maintenance, and ease of modification. Stability is achieved by the system software. If a detector recognizes a condition which could be indicative of a fire, the control panel will first attempt a quick reset. For most spurious situations such as insects, dust, or breezes, the incident will often remedy itself during this reset procedure, thereby reducing the probability of false alarm. If a genuine smoke or fire condition exists, the detector will reenter the alarm mode immediately after the reset attempt. The control panel will now regard this as a fire condition, and will enter its alarm mode.

With respect to maintenance, these systems offer several key advantages over conventional ones. First of all, they are able to monitor the status of each detector. As a detector becomes dirty, the microprocessor recognizes a decreased capability, and provides a maintenance alert. This feature, known as Listed Integral Sensitivity Testing, allows facilities personnel to service only those detectors that need attention, rather than requiring a labor and time consuming cleaning of all units.

Advanced systems, such as the FCI 7200 incorporate another maintenance feature known as drift compensation. This software procedure adjusts the detector’s sensitivity to compensate for minor dust conditions. This avoids the ultra sensitive or “hot” detector condition which often results as debris obscures the detector’s optics. When the detector has been compensated to its limit, the control panel alerts maintenance personnel so that servicing can be performed.

Modifying these systems, such as to add or delete a detector, involves connecting or removing the respective device from the addressable circuit, and changing the appropriate memory section. This memory change is accomplished either at the panel or on a personal computer, with the information downloaded into the panel’s microprocessor.

The main disadvantage of addressable systems is that each system has its own unique operating characteristics. Therefore, service technicians must be trained for the respective system. The training program is usually a 3-4 day course at the respective manufacturer’s facility. Periodic update training may be necessary as new service methods are developed.

2.3: Fire Detectors
When present, humans can be excellent fire detectors. The healthy person is able to sense multiple aspects of a fire including the heat, flames, smoke, and odors. For this reason, most fire alarm systems are designed with one or more manual alarm activation devices to be used by the person who discovers a fire. Unfortunately, a person can also be an unreliable detection method since they may not be present when a fire starts, may not raise an alarm in an effective manner, or may not be in perfect heath to recognize fire signatures. It is for this reason that a variety of automatic fire detectors have been developed. Automatic detectors are meant to imitate one or more of the human senses of touch, smell or sight. Thermal detectors are similar to our ability to identify high temperatures, smoke detectors replicate the sense of smell, and flame detectors are electronic eyes. The properly selected and installed automatic detector can be a highly reliable fire sensor.

Manual fire detection is the oldest method of detection. In the simplest form, a person yelling can provide fire warning. In buildings, however, a person’s voice may not always transmit throughout the structure. For this reason, manual alarm stations are installed. The general design philosophy is to place stations within reach along paths of escape. It is for this reason that they can usually be found near exit doors in corridors and large rooms.

The advantage of manual alarm stations is that, upon discovering the fire, they provide occupants with a readily identifiable means to activate the building fire alarm system. The alarm system can then serve in lieu of the shouting person’s voice. They are simple devices, and can be highly reliable when the building is occupied. The key disadvantage of manual stations is that they will not work when the building is unoccupied. They may also be used for malicious alarm activations. Nonetheless, they are an important component in any fire alarm system.

Thermal detectors are the oldest type of automatic detection device, having origin in the mid 1800′s, with several styles still in production today. The most common units are fixed temperature devices that operate when the room reaches a predetermined temperature (usually in the 135Â°-165Â°F/57Â°-74Â°C). The second most common type of thermal sensor is the rate-of-rise detector, which identifies an abnormally fast temperature climb over a short time period. Both of these units are “spot type” detectors, which means that they are periodically spaced along a ceiling or high on a wall. The third detector type is the fixed temperature line type detector, which consists of two cables and an insulated sheathing that is designed to breakdown when exposed to heat. The advantage of line type over spot detection is that thermal sensing density can be increased at lower cost.

Thermal detectors are highly reliable and have good resistance to operation from nonhostile sources. They are also very easy and inexpensive to maintain. On the down side, they do not function until room temperatures have reached a substantial temperature, at which point the fire is well underway and damage is growing exponentially. Subsequently, thermal detectors are usually not permitted in life safety applications. They are also not recommended in locations where there is a desire to identify a fire before substantial flames occur, such as spaces where high value thermal sensitive contents are housed.

Smoke detectors are a much newer technology, having gained wide usage during the 1970′s and 1980′s in residential and life safety applications. As the name implies, these devices are designed to identify a fire while in its smoldering or early flame stages, replicating the human sense of smell. The most common smoke detectors are spot type units, that are placed along ceilings or high on walls in a manner similar to spot thermal units. They operate on either an ionization or photoelectric principle, with each type having advantages in different applications. For large open spaces such as galleries and atria, a frequently used smoke detector is a projected beam unit. This detector consists of two components, a light transmitter and a receiver, that are mounted at some distance (up to 300 ft/100m) apart. As smoke migrates between the two components, the transmitted light beam becomes obstructed and the receiver is no longer able to see the full beam intensity. This is interpreted as a smoke condition, and the alarm activation signal is transmitted to the fire alarm panel.

A third type of smoke detector, which has become widely used in extremely sensitive applications, is the air aspirating system. This device consists of two main components: a cotrol unit that houses the detection chamber, an aspiration fan and operation circuitry; and a network of sampling tubes or pipes. Along the pipes are a series of ports that are designed to permit air to enter the tubes and be transported to the detector. Under normal conditions, the detector constantly draws an air sample into the detection chamber, via the pipe network. The sample is analyzed for the existence of smoke, and then returned to atmosphere. If smoke becomes present in the sample, it is detected and an alarm signal is transmitted to the main fire alarm control panel. Air aspirating detectors are extremely sensitive and are typically the fastest responding automatic detection method. Many high technology organizations, such as telephone companies, have standardized on aspiration systems. In cultural properties they are used for areas such as collections storage vaults and highly valuable rooms. These are also frequently used in aesthetically sensitive applications since components are often easier to conceal, when compared to other detection methods.

The key advantage of smoke detectors is their ability to identify a fire while it is still in its incipient. As such, they provide added opportunity for emergency personnel to respond and control the developing fire before severe damage occurs. They are usually the preferred detection method in life safety and high content value applications. The disadvantage of smoke detectors is that they are usually more expensive to install, when compared to thermal sensors, and are more resistant to inadvertent alarms. However, when properly selected and designed, they can be highly reliable with a very low probability of false alarm.

Flame detectors represent the third major type of automatic detection method, and imitate the human sense of sight. They are line of sight devices that operate on either an infrared, ultraviolet or combination principle. As radiant energy in the approximate 4,000 to 7,700 angstroms range occurs, as indicative of a flaming condition, their sensing equipment recognizes the fire signature and sends a signal to the fire alarm panel.

The advantage of flame detection is that it is extremely reliable in a hostile environment. They are usually used in high value energy and transportation applications where other detectors would be subject to spurious activation. Common uses include locomotive and aircraft maintenance facilities, refineries and fuel loading platforms, and mines. A disadvantage is that they can be very expensive and labor intensive to maintain. Flame detectors must be looking directly at the fire source, unlike thermal and smoke detectors which can identify migrating fire signatures. Their use in cultural properties is extremely limited.

2.4: Alarm Output Devices
Upon receiving an alarm notification, the fire alarm control panel must now tell someone that an emergency is underway. This is the primary function of the alarm output aspect of a system. Occupant signaling components include various audible and visual alerting components, and are the primary alarm output devices. Bells are the most common and familiar alarm sounding device, and are appropriate for most building applications. Horns are another option, and are especially well suited to areas where a loud signal is needed such as library stacks, and architecturally sensitive buildings where devices need partial concealment. Chimes may be used where a soft alarm tone is preferred, such as health care facilities and theaters. Speakers are the fourth alarm sounding option, which sound a reproducible signal such as a recorded voice message. They are often ideally suited for large, multistory or other similar buildings where phased evacuation is preferred. Speakers also offer the added flexibility of emergency public address announcements. With respect to visual alert, there are a number of strobe and flashing light devices. Visual alerting is required in spaces where ambient noise levels are high enough to preclude hearing sounding equipment, and where hearing impaired occupants may be found. Standards such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) mandate visual devices in numerous museum, library, and historic building applications.

Another key function of the output function is emergency response notification. The most common arrangement is an automatic telephone or radio signal that is communicated to a constantly staffed monitoring center. Upon receiving the alert, the center will then contact the appropriate fire department, providing information about the location of alarm. In some instances, the monitoring station may be the police or fire departments, or a 911 center. In other instances it will be a private monitoring company that is under contract to the organization. In many cultural properties, the building’s inhouse security service may serve as the monitoring center.

Other output functions include shutting down electrical equipment such as computers, shutting off air handling fans to prevent smoke migration, and shutting down operations such as chemical movement through piping in the alarmed area. They may also activate fans to extract smoke, which is a common function in large atria spaces. These systems can also activate discharge of gaseous fire extinguishing systems, or preaction sprinkler systems.

2.5: Summary
In summary, there are several options for a building’s fire detection and alarm system. The ultimate system type, and selected components, will be dependent upon the building construction and value, its use or uses, the type of occupants, mandated standards, content value, and mission sensitivity. Contacting a fire engineer or other appropriate professional who understands fire problems and the different alarm and detection options is usually a preferred first step to find the best system.

3: Fire Sprinklers
3.1: Introduction
For most fires, water represents the ideal extinguishing agent. Fire sprinklers utilize water by direct application onto flames and heat, which causes cooling of the combustion process and prevents ignition of adjacent combustibles. They are most effective during the fire’s initial flame growth stage, while the fire is relatively easy to control. A properly selected sprinkler will detect the fire’s heat, initiate alarm, and begin suppression within moments after flames appear. In most instances sprinklers will control fire advancement within a few minutes of their activation, which will in turn result in significantly less damage than otherwise would happen without sprinklers.

Among the potential benefits of sprinklers are the following:

* Immediate identification and control of a developing fire. Sprinkler systems respond at all times, including periods of low occupancy. Control is generally instantaneous.

* Immediate alert. In conjunction with the building fire alarm system, automatic sprinkler systems will notify occupants and emergency response personnel of the developing fire.

* Reduced heat and smoke damage. Significantly less heat and smoke will be generated when the fire is extinguished at an early stage.

* Enhanced life safety. Staff, visitors and fire fighters will be subject to less danger when fire growth is checked.

* Design flexibility. Egress route and fire/smoke barrier placement becomes less restrictive since early fire control minimizes demand on these systems. Many fire and building codes will permit design and operations flexibility based on the presence of a fire sprinkler system.

* Enhanced security. A sprinkler controlled fire can reduce demand on security forces by minimizing intrusion and theft opportunities.

* Decreased insurance expenditure. Sprinkler controlled fires are less damaging than fires in nonsprinklered buildings. Insurance underwriters may offer reduced premiums in sprinkler protected properties.

These benefits should be considered when deciding on the selection of automatic fire sprinkler protection.

3.2: Sprinkler System Components and Operation
Sprinkler systems are essentially a series of water pipes that are supplied by a reliable water supply. At selected intervals along these pipes are independent, heat activated valves known as sprinkler heads. It is the sprinkler that is responsible for water distribution onto the fire. Most sprinkler systems also include an alarm to alert occupants and emergency forces when sprinkler activation (fire) occurs.

During the incipient fire stage, the heat output is relatively low and is unable to cause sprinkler operation. However, as the fire intensity increases, the sprinkler’s sensing elements become exposed to elevated temperatures (typically in excess of 57-107Â°C (135-225Â°F), and begin to deform. Assuming temperatures remain high, as they would during an increasing fire, the element will fatigue after an approximate 30 to 120 second period. This releases the sprinkler’s seals allowing water to discharge onto the fire and begin the suppression action. In most situations less than 2 sprinklers are needed to control the fire. In fast growing fire scenarios, however, such as a flammable liquid spill, up to 12 sprinklers may be required.

In addition to normal fire control efforts, sprinkler operation may be interconnected to initiate building and fire department alarms, shutdown electrical and mechanical equipment, close fire doors and dampers, and suspend some processes.

As fire fighters arrive their efforts will focus on ensuring that the system has contained the fire, and, when satisfied, shut off the water flow to minimize water damage. It is at this point that staff will normally be permitted to enter the damaged space and perform salvage duties.

3.3: System Components and Types
The basic components of a sprinkler system are the sprinklers, system piping, and a dependable water source. Most systems also require an alarm, system control valves, and means to test the equipment.

The sprinkler itself is the spray nozzle, which distributes water over a defined fire hazard area (typically 14-21 m2/150-225 ft2) with each sprinkler operating by actuation of its own temperature linkage. The typical sprinkler consists of a frame, thermal operated linkage, cap, orifice, and deflector. Styles of each component may vary but the basic principles of each remain the same.

* Frame. The frame provides the main structural component which holds the sprinkler together. Water supply piping is connected to the sprinkler at the base of the frame. The frame holds the thermal linkage and cap in place, and supports the deflector during discharge. Frame styles include standard and low profile, flush, and concealed mount. Some are designed for extended spray coverage, beyond the range of normal sprinklers. Standard finishes include brass, chrome, black, and white, while custom finishes are available for aesthetically sensitive spaces. Special coatings are available for areas subject to high corrosive effect. Selection of a specific frame style is dependent on the size and type of area to be covered, anticipated hazard, visual impact features, and atmospheric conditions.

* Thermal linkage. The thermal linkage is the component that controls water release. Under normal conditions the linkage holds the cap in place and prevents water flow. As the link is exposed to heat, however, it weakens and releases the cap. Common linkage styles include soldered metal levers, frangible glass bulbs, and solder pellets. Each link style is equally dependable.

Upon reaching the desired operating temperature, an approximate 30 second to 4 minute time lag will follow. This lag is the time required for linkage fatigue and is largely controlled by the link materials and mass. Standard responding sprinklers operate closer to the 3-4 minute mark while quick response (QR) sprinklers operate in significantly shorter periods. Selection of a sprinkler response characteristic is dependent upon the existing risk, acceptable loss level, and desired response action.

In heritage applications the advantage of quick response sprinklers often becomes apparent. The faster a sprinkler reacts to a fire, the sooner the suppression activity is initiated, and the lower the potential damage level. This is particularly beneficial in high value or life safety applications where the earliest possible extinguishment is a fire protection goal. It is important to understand that response time is independent of response temperature. A quicker responding sprinkler will not activate at a lower temperature than a comparable standard head.

* Cap. The cap provides the water tight seal which is located over the sprinkler orifice. It is held in place by the thermal linkage, and falls from position after linkage heating to permit water flow. Caps are constructed solely of metal or a metal with a teflon disk.

* Orifice. The machined opening at the base of the sprinkler frame is the orifice from which extinguishing water flows. Most orifice openings are 15 mm (1/2 inch) diameter with smaller bores available for residential applications and larger openings for higher hazards.

* Deflector. The deflector is mounted on the frame opposite the orifice. Its purpose is to break up the water stream discharging from the orifice into a more efficient extinguishing pattern. Deflector styles determine how the sprinkler is mounted, with common sprinkler mounting styles known as upright (mounted above the pipe), pendent (mounted below the pipe, i.e. under ceilings), and sidewall sprinklers which discharge water in a lateral position from a wall. The sprinkler must be mounted as designed to ensure proper action. Selection of a particular style is often dependent upon physical building constraints.

A sprinkler that has received wide spread interest for museum applications is the on/off sprinkler. The principle behind these products is that as a fire occurs, water discharge and extinguishing action will happen similar to standard sprinklers. As the room temperature is cooled to a safer level, a bimetallic snap disk on the sprinkler closes and water flow ceases. Should the fire reignite, operation will once again occur. The advantage of on/off sprinklers is their ability to shut off, which theoretically can reduce the quantity of water distributed and resultant damage levels. The problem, however, is the long time period that may pass before room temperatures are sufficiently cooled to the sprinkler’s shut off point. In most heritage applications, the building’s construction will retain heat and prevent the desired sprinkler shut down. Frequently, fire emergency response forces will have arrived and will be able to close sprinkler zone control valves before the automatic shut down feature has functioned.

On-off sprinklers typically cost 8-10 times more than the average sprinkler, which is only justifiable when assurance can be made that these products will perform as intended. Therefore, on/off sprinkler use in heritage facilities should remain limited.

Selection of specific sprinklers is based on: risk characteristics, ambient room temperature, desired response time, hazard criticality and aesthetic factors. Several sprinkler types may be used in a heritage facility.

All sprinkler systems require a reliable water source. In urban areas, a piped public service is the most common supply, while rural areas generally utilize private tanks, reservoirs, lakes, or rivers. Where a high degree of reliability is desired, or a single source is undependable, multiple supplies may be utilized.

Basic water source criteria include:

* The source must be available at all times. Fires can happen at any time and therefore, the water supply must be in a constant state of readiness. Supplies must be evaluated for resistance to pipe failure, pressure loss, droughts, and other issues that may impact availability.

* The system must provide adequate sprinkler supply and pressure. A sprinkler system will create a hydraulic demand, in terms of flow and pressure, on the water supply. The supply must be capable of meeting this demand. Otherwise, supplemental components such as a fire pump or standby tank must be added to the system.

* The supply must provide water for the anticipated fire duration. Depending of the fire hazard, suppression may take several minutes to over an hour. The selected source must be capable of providing sprinklers with water until suppression has been achieved.

* The system must provide water for fire department hoses operating in tandem with the sprinkler system. Most fire department procedures involve the use of fire attack hoses to supplement sprinklers. The water supply must be capable of handling this additional demand without adverse impact on sprinkler performance.

Sprinkler water is transported to fire via a system of fixed pipes and fittings. Piping material options include various steel alloys, copper, and fire resistant plastics. Steel is the traditional material with copper and plastics utilized in many sensitive applications.

Primary considerations for selection of pipe materials include:

* Ease of installation. The easier the material is installed, the less disruption is imposed on the institution’s operations and mission. The ability to install a system with the least amount of disturbance is an important consideration, especially in sprinkler retrofit applications where building use will continue during construction.

* Cost of material versus cost of protected area. Piping typically represents the greatest single cost item in a sprinkler system. Often there is a temptation to reduce costs by utilizing less expensive piping materials that may be perfectly acceptable in certain instances, i.e. office or commercial environs. However, in heritage applications where the value of contents may be far beyond sprinkler costs, appropriateness of the piping rather than cost should be the deciding factor.

* Contractor familiarity with materials. A mistake to be avoided is one in which the contractor and pipe materials have been selected, only to find out that the contractor is inexperienced with the pipe. This can lead to installation difficulties, added expense, and increased failure potential. A contractor must demonstrate familiarity with the desired material before selection.

* Prefabrication requirements or other installation constraints. In some instances, such as in fine art vaults, requirements may be imposed to limit the amount of work time in the space. This will often require extensive prefabrication work outside of the work area. Some materials are easily adapted to prefabrication.

* Material cleanliness. Some pipe materials are cleaner to install than others. This will reduce the potential for soiling collections, displays, or building finishes during installation. Various materials are also resistant to accumulation in the system water, which could discharge onto collections. Cleanliness of installation and discharge should be a consideration.

* Labor requirements. Some pipe materials are heavier or more cumbersome to work with than others. Consequently additional workers are needed to install pipes, which can add to installation costs. If the number of construction workers allowed into the building is a factor, lighter materials may be beneficial.

The benefits and disadvantages of each material should be evaluated prior to selection of pipe materials.

Other major sprinkler system components include:

* Control valves. A sprinkler system must be capable of shut down after the fire has been controlled, and for periodic maintenance and modification. In the simplest system a single shutoff valve may be located at the point where the water supply enters the building. In larger buildings the sprinkler system may consist of multiple zones with a control valve for each. Control valves should be located in readily identified locations to assist responded emergency personnel.

* Alarms. Alarms alert building occupants and emergency forces when a sprinkler water flow occurs. The simplest alarms are water driven gongs supplied by the sprinkler system. Electrical flow and pressure switches, connected to a building fire alarm system, are more common in large buildings. Alarms are also provided to alert building management when a sprinkler valve is closed.

* Drain and test connections. Most sprinkler systems have provisions to drain pipes during system maintenance. Drains should be properly installed to remove all water from the sprinkler system, and prevent water from leakage onto protected spaces, when piping service is necessary. It is advisable to install drains at a remote location from the supply, thereby permitting effective system flushing to remove debris. Test connections are usually provided to simulate the flow of a sprinkler, thereby verifying the working condition of alarms. Test connections should be operated every 6 months.

* Specialty valves. Drypipe and preaction sprinkler systems require complex, special control valves that are designed to hold water from the system piping until needed. These control valves also include air pressure maintenance equipment and emergency operation/release systems.

* Fire Hose Connections. Fire fighters will often supplement sprinkler systems with hoses. Firefighting tasks are enhanced by installing hose connections to sprinkler system piping. The additional water demand imposed by these hoses must be factored into the overall sprinkler design in order to prevent adverse system performance.

3.4: System Types
There are three basic types of sprinkler systems: wet pipe, dry pipe and preaction, with each having applicability, depending on a variety of conditions such as potential fire severity, anticipated fire growth rates, content water sensitivity, ambient conditions, and desired response. In large multifunction facilities, such as a major museum or library, two or more system types may be employed.

Wet pipe systems are the most common sprinkler system. As the name implies, a wet pipe system is one in which water is constantly maintained within the sprinkler piping. When a sprinkler activates this water is immediately discharged onto the fire.

Wet pipe system advantages include:

* System simplicity and reliability. Wet pipe sprinkler systems have the least number of components and therefore, the lowest number of items to malfunction. This produces unexcelled reliability, which is important since sprinklers may be asked to sit in waiting for many years before they are needed. This simplicity aspect also becomes important in facilities where system maintenance may not be performed with the desired frequency.

* Relative low installation and maintenance expense. Due to their overall simplicity, wet pipe sprinklers require the least amount of installation time and capital. Maintenance cost savings are also realized since less service time is generally required, compared to other system types. These savings become important when maintenance budgets are shrinking.

* Ease of modification. Heritage institutions are often dynamic with respect to exhibition and operation spaces. Wet pipe systems are advantageous since modifications involve shutting down the water supply, draining pipes, and making alterations. Following the work, the system is pressure tested and restored. Additional work for detection and special control equipment is avoided, which again saves time and expense.

* Short term down time following a fire. Wet pipe sprinkler systems require the least amount of effort to restore. In most instances, sprinkler protection is reinstated by replacing the fused sprinklers and turning the water supply back on. Preaction and drypipe systems may require additional effort to reset control equipment.

The main disadvantage of these systems is that they are not suited for subfreezing environments. There also may be concern where piping is subject to severe impact damage, such as some warehouses.

The advantages of wet systems make them highly desirable for use in most heritage applications, and with limited exception, they represent the system of choice for museum, library and historic building protection.

The next system type, a dry pipe sprinkler system, is one in which pipes are filled with pressurized air or nitrogen, rather than water. This air holds a remote valve, known as a dry pipe valve, in a closed position. The drypipe valve is located in a heated area and prevents water from entering the pipe until a fire causes one or more sprinklers to operate. Once this happens, the air escapes and the dry pipe valve releases. Water then enters the pipe, flowing through open sprinklers onto the fire.

The main advantage of dry pipe sprinkler systems is their ability to provide automatic protection in spaces where freezing is possible. Typical dry pipe installations include unheated warehouses and attics, outside exposed loading docks and within commercial freezers.

Many heritage managers view dry pipe sprinklers as advantageous for protection of collections and other water sensitive areas, with a perceived benefit that a physically damaged wet pipe system will leak while dry pipe systems will not. In these situations, however, dry pipe systems will generally not offer any advantage over wet pipe systems. Should impact damage happen, there will only be a mild discharge delay, i.e. 1 minute, while air in the piping is released before water flow.

Dry pipe systems have some disadvantages that must be evaluated before selecting this equipment. These include:

* Increased complexity. Dry pipe systems require additional control equipment and air pressure supply components, which increases system complexity. Without proper maintenance this equipment may be less reliable than a comparable wet pipe system.

* Higher installation and maintenance costs. The added complexity impacts the overall drypipe installation cost. This complexity also increases maintenance expenditure, primarily due to added service labor costs.

* Lower design flexibility. There are strict requirements regarding the maximum permitted size (typically 750 gallons) of individual drypipe systems. These limitations may impact the ability of an owner to make system additions.

* Increased fire response time. Up to 60 seconds may pass from the time a sprinkler opens until water is discharged onto the fire. This will delay fire extinguishing actions, which may produce increased content damage.

* Increased corrosion potential. Following operation, drypipe sprinkler systems must be completely drained and dried. Otherwise, remaining water may cause pipe corrosion and premature failure. This is not a problem with wet pipe systems where water is constantly maintained in piping.

With the exception of unheated building spaces and freezer rooms, dry pipe systems do not offer any significant advantages over wet pipe systems and their use in heritage buildings is generally not recommended.

The third sprinkler system type, preaction, employs the basic concept of a dry pipe system in that water is not normally contained within the pipes. The difference, however, is that water is held from piping by an electrically operated valve, known as a preaction valve. The operation of this valve is controlled by independent flame, heat, or smoke detection. Two separate events must happen to initiate sprinkler discharge. First, the detection system must identify a developing fire and then open the preaction valve. This allows water to flow into system piping, which effectively creates a wet pipe sprinkler system. Second, individual sprinkler heads must release to permit water flow onto the fire.

In some instances, the preaction system may be set up with an interlock feature in which pressurized air or nitrogen is added to system piping. The purpose of this feature is twofold: first to monitor piping for leaks and second to hold water from system piping in the event of inadvertent detector operation. The most common application for this system type is in freezer warehouses.

The primary advantage of a preaction system is the dual action required for water release: the preaction valve must operate and sprinkler heads must fuse. This provides an added level of protection against inadvertent discharge, and for this reason, these systems are frequently employed in water sensitive environments such as archival vaults, fine art storage rooms, rare book libraries and computer centers.

There are some disadvantages to preaction systems. These include:

* Higher installation and maintenance costs. Preaction systems are more complex with several additional components, notably a fire detection system. This adds to the overall system cost.

* Modification difficulties. As with drypipe systems, preaction sprinkler systems have specific size limitations which may impact future system modifications. In addition, system modifications must incorporate changes to the fire detection and control system to ensure proper operation.

* Potential decreased reliability. The higher level of complexity associated with preaction systems creates an increased chance that something may not work when needed. Regular maintenance is essential to ensure reliability. Therefore, if the facility’s management decides to install preaction sprinkler protection, they must remain committed to installing the highest quality equipment, and to maintaining these systems as required by manufacturer’s recommendations.

Provided the application is appropriate, preaction systems have a place in heritage buildings, especially in water sensitive spaces.

A slight variation of preaction sprinklers is the deluge system, which is basically a preaction system using open sprinklers. Operation of the fire detection system releases a deluge valve, which in turn produces immediate water flow through all sprinklers in a given area. Typical deluge systems applications are found in specialized industrial situations, i.e. aircraft hangers and chemical plants, where high velocity suppression is necessary to prevent fire spread. Use of deluge systems in heritage facilities is rare and typically not recommended.

Another preaction system variation is the on/off system which utilizes the basic arrangement of a preaction system, with the addition of a thermal detector and nonlatching alarm panel. The system functions similar to any other preaction sprinkler system, except that as the fire is extinguished, a thermal device cools to allow the control panel to shut off water flow. If the fire should reignite, the system will turn back on. In certain applications on/off systems can be effective. Care, however, must be exercised when selecting this equipment to ensure that it functions as desired. In most urban areas, it is likely that the fire department will arrive before the system has shut itself down, thereby defeating any actual benefits.

3.5: Sprinkler Concerns
Several common misconceptions about sprinkler systems exist. Consequently, heritage building owners and operators are often reluctant to provide this protection, especially for collections storage and other water sensitive spaces. Typical misunderstandings include:

* When one sprinkler operates, all will activate. With the exception of deluge systems (discussed later in this leaflet), only those sprinklers in direct contact with the fire’s heat will react. Statistically, approximately 61% of all sprinkler controlled fires are stopped by two or less sprinklers.

* Sprinklers operate when exposed to smoke. Sprinklers function by thermal impact against their sensing elements. The presence of smoke alone will not cause activation without high heat.

* Sprinkler systems are prone to leakage or inadvertent operation. Insurance statistics indicate a failure rate of approximately 1 head failure per 16,000,000 sprinklers installed per year. Sprinkler components and systems are among the most tested systems in an average building. Failure of a proper system is very remote.

Where failures do occur, they are usually the result of improper design, installation, or maintenance. Therefore, to avoid problems, the institution should carefully select those who will be responsible for the installation and be committed to proper system maintenance.

* Sprinkler activation will cause excessive water damage to contents and structure. Water damage will occur when a sprinkler activates. This issue becomes relative, however, when compared to alternative suppression methods. The typical sprinklerwill discharge approximately 25 gallons per minute (GPM) while the typical fire department hose delivers 100-250 GPM. Sprinklers are significantly less damaging than hoses. Since sprinklers usually operate before the fire becomes large, the overall water quantity required for control is lower than situations where the fire continues to increase until firefighters arrive.

The table below shows approximate comparative water application rates for various manual and automatic suppression methods.
< TR>
Table 31: Fire Suppression Water Application Rates.

Delivery Method
Liters/min.

Gallons/min.
Portable Fire Extinguisher/Appliance
10

2.5
Occupant Use Fire Hose
380

100
Sprinkler (1)
95

25
Sprinkler (2)
180

47
Sprinkler (3)
260

72
Fire Department, Single 1.5″ Hose
380

100
Fire Department, Double 1.5″ Hose
760

200
Fire Department, Single 2.5″ Hose
950

250
Fire Department, Double 2.5″ Hose
1900

500

One final point to consider is that the water damage is usually capable of repair and restoration. Burned out contents, however, are often beyond mend.

* Sprinkler systems look bad and will harm the building’s appearance. This concern has usually resulted from someone who has observed a less than ideal appearing system, and admittedly there are some poorly designed systems out there. Sprinkler systems can be designed and installed with almost no aesthetic impact.

To ensure proper design, the institution and design team should take an active role in the selection of visible components. Sprinkler piping should be placed, either concealed or in a decorative arrangement, to minimize visual impact. Only sprinklers with high quality finishes should be used. Often sprinkler manufacturers will use customer provided paints to match finish colors, while maintaining the sprinkler’s listing. The selected sprinkler contractor must understand the role of aesthetics.

To help ensure overall success, the sprinkler system designer should understand the institution’s protection objectives, operations, and fire risks. This individual should be knowledgeable about system requirements and flexible to implement unique, thought-out solutions for those areas where special aesthetic or operations concerns exist. The designer should be experienced in the design of systems in architecturally sensitive applications.

Ideally, the sprinkler contractor should be experienced working in heritage applications. However, an option is to select a contractor experienced in water sensitive applications such as telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, clean rooms, or high tech manufacturing. Companies including AT&T, Bristol Meyers Squibb, and IBM have very stringent sprinkler installation requirements. If a sprinkler contractor has demonstrated success with these type of organizations, then they will be capable of performing satisfactorily in a heritage site.

The selected sprinkler components should be provided by a reputable manufacturer, experienced in special, water sensitive hazards. The cost differential between average and the highest quality components is minimal. The long term benefit, however, is substantial. When considering the value of a facility and its contents, the extra investment is worth while.

With proper attention to selection, design, and maintenance, sprinkler systems will serve the institution without adverse impact. If the institution or design team does not possess the experience to ensure the system is proper, a fire protection engineer experienced in heritage applications can be a great advantage.

3.6: Water Mist
One of the most promising automatic extinguishing technologies is the recently available fine water droplet, or mist systems. This technology represents another tool that can provide automatic fire suppression in some cultural property applications. Potential uses include locations where reliable water supplies do not exist, where even sprinkler water discharges are too high, or where building construction and aesthetics impact the use of standard sprinkler pipe dimensions. Mist systems may also be an appropriate solution to the protection void left by the environmental concerns, and subsequent demise, of Halon 1301 gas.

Mist technology was originally developed for offshore uses such as on board ships and oil drilling platforms. For both of these applications, there is a need to control severe fires while limiting the amount of extinguishing water, which could impact vessel stability. These systems have been extensively approved by a number of domestic and international marine organizations, and have been a protection standard for the past 8-10 years. They have a solid track record dealing with maritime fires. These systems have also been used in several land based applications, and have a number of listings, primarily in Europe, where their effectiveness has been recognized. Some systems have recently received approvals for North American land based uses.

Mist systems discharge limited water quantities at higher pressures than sprinkler systems. These pressures range from approximately 100 to 1,000 psi, with the higher pressure systems generally producing larger volumes of fine sprays. The produced droplets are usually in the 50 to 200 micron diameter range (compared to 600-1,000 microns for standard sprinklers), resulting in exceptionally high efficiency cooling and fire control, with significantly little water. In most situations, fires are controlled with approximately 10-25% of the water normally associated with sprinklers. Water saturation that is often associated with standard firefighting procedures is decreased. Other benefits include lower aesthetic impact and known environmental safety.

Typical water mist systems consist of the following components:

* Water supply: Water for a system may be provided by either the piped building system or a dedicated tank arrangement. In some instances, lower pressure systems may use existing sprinkler piping. For most, however, supplemental pumps will be required. Other options include dedicated water/nitrogen storage cylinders, which can deliver a limited duration supply.

* Piping and nozzles: Piping can be greatly reduced when compared to sprinklers. For low pressure systems, pipes are generally 25-50% smaller than comparable sprinkler piping. For high pressure systems, piping is even smaller with the 0.50-0.75 inch diameters as the norm. Like sprinklers, nozzles are individually activated by the fire’s heat, and are selected to cover a certain size hazard. Their sizes are comparable to a low profile sprinkler.

* Detection and control equipment. In some instances, mist discharge can be controlled by selected, high reliability intelligent detectors or by an advanced technology VESDA smoke detection system. These systems represent the premier, stateoftheart, fire detection technology that can provide very early warning of a developing fire, as well as reduce the probability of inadvertent discharge.

At this point, one of the main drawbacks to mist systems is their higher cost, which can be 50-100% greater than standard sprinklers. This cost, however, may be reduced due to possible installation labor savings. In rural applications, where reliable sprinkler water supplies can be expensive, mist systems may be comparable or less than standard sprinklers. Another problem is that these systems do not have the variety of approvals and listings commonly associated with sprinklers. As such, they may not be as recognized by fire and building authorities. In addition, the number of contractors who are familiar with the technology is limited. These concerns are diminishing, however, as use of these systems becomes more widespread.

3.7: Summary:
In summary, automatic sprinklers often represent one of the most important fire protection options for most heritage applications. The successful application of sprinklers is dependent upon careful design and installation of high quality components by capable engineers and contractors. A properly selected, designed and installed system will offer unexcelled reliability. Sprinkler system components should be selected for compliance with the institution’s objectives. Wet pipe systems offer the greatest degree of reliability and are the most appropriate system type for most heritage fire risks. With the exception of spaces subject to freezing conditions, dry pipe systems do not offer advantages over wet pipe systems in heritage buildings. Preaction sprinkler systems are beneficial in areas of highest water sensitivity. Their success is dependent upon selection of proper suppression and detection components and management’s commitment to properly maintain systems. Water mist represents a very promising alternative to gaseous agent systems.

Posted by aliaswn in Measurement, News, Technology No Comments →

New Technology

The IEEE 1394 protocol (or Firewire, which is Appleâ€™s trademarked term) is one of the emerging bus protocols that will be important components of the connected future. Hereâ€™s how it works.

People are sharing video, still images, and audio, and are constantly searching for faster, easier ways of transferring such information. This phenomenon is driving the convergence of computers, consumer equipment, and communications. Communication is the force that draws these separate market segments together.

Convergence will happen when seamless, high-speed communication becomes readily available. The IEEE 1394 protocol appears to be a strong contender for the communications channel that will make this happen.

The IEEE 1394-1995 protocol had its genesis at Apple Computer, which still retains the Firewire trademark. The goal of the protocol is to provide easy-to-use, low-cost, high-speed communications. The protocol is also very scaleable, provides for both asynchronous and isochronous applications, allows for access to vast amounts of memory mapped address space, andâ€”perhaps most important for the aforementioned convergenceagâ€”allows peer-to-peer communication.

Some people see 1394 and USB as competitors for the communications channel of the future, but in reality they are more complementary than competitive. USB is a lower-speed, lower-cost, host-based protocol. While 1394 and USB may compete in some mid-range applications, Table 1 illustrates how they will typically play in different spaces. The proposed upgrade of USB to 120Mbps and 240Mbps may alter this situation slightly, but not as much as some have predicted.

Confusion sometimes surrounds the alphabet soup that seems to envelop the 1394 protocol. The only currently approved specification is the IEEE 1394-1995 specification, which will be the basis for future extensions and enhancements. IEEE 1394-1995 supports transfer rates of 100, 200, and 400Mbps. As with many first cuts at a standard, 1394-1995 left some things up to the interpretation of the specificationâ€™s implementers, which caused some interoperability problems and has led to the work being done on the 1394a specification. This revision provides some clarification on the original specification, changes some optional portions of the spec to mandatory, and adds some performance enhancements. The 1394a specification is nearing completion and should be approved in the near future; some semiconductor vendors, in fact, are already claiming compliance to the new specification. In addition to the 1394a specification, work is progressing on the 1394b specification. 1394b will provide for additional data rates of 800, 1,600, and 3,200Mbps. It will also provide for long-haul transmissions via both twisted pair and fiber optics, and offer backward compatibility with the existing standard.

This article covers the 1394-1995 standard and will speak to some of the enhancements in the 1394a revision. Details of the 1394b protocol will be left for a future article, when the specification is more firm.

Topology

The 1394 protocol is a peer-to-peer network with a point-to-point signaling environment. Nodes on the bus may have several ports on them. Each of these ports acts as a repeater, retransmitting any packets received by other ports within the node. Figure 1 shows what a typical consumer may have attached to their 1394 bus.

Because 1394 is a peer-to-peer protocol, a specific host isnâ€™t required, such as the PC in USB. In Figure 1 , the digital camera could easily stream data to both the digital VCR and the DVD-RAM without any assistance from other devices on the bus.

Configuration of the bus occurs automatically whenever a new device is plugged in. Configuration proceeds from leaf nodes (those with only one other device attached to them) up through the branch nodes. A bus that has three or more devices attached will typically, but not always, have a branch node become the root node. Iâ€™ll discuss configuration in more detail later in this article.

A 1394 bus appears as a large memory-mapped space with each node occupying a certain address range. The memory space is based to the IEEE 1212 Control and Status Register (CSR) Architecture with some extensions specific to the 1394 standard. Each node supports up to 48 bits of address space (256 TeraBytes). In addition, each bus can support up to 64 nodes, and the 1394 serial bus specification supports up to 1,024 buses. This gives a grand total of 64 address bits, or support for a whopping total of 16 ExaBytes of memory spaceâ€”enough for the latest version of your favorite word processor and perhaps even a file or two!

Transfers and transactions

The 1394 protocol supports both asynchronous and isochronous data transfers, as Iâ€™ll discuss in the following paragraphs.

Isochronous transfers. Isochronous transfers are always broadcast in a one-to-one or one-to-many fashion. No error correction nor retransmission is available for isochronous transfers. Up to 80% of the available bus bandwidth can be used for isochronous transfers. The delegation of bandwidth is tracked by a node on the bus that occupies the role of isochronous resource manager. This may or may not be the root node or the bus manager. The maximum amount of bandwidth an isochronous device can obtain is only limited by the number of other isochronous devices that have already obtained bandwidth from the isochronous resource manager.

Asynchronous transfers. Asynchronous transfers are targeted to a specific node with an explicit address. They are not guaranteed a specific amount of bandwidth on the bus, but they are guaranteed a fair shot at gaining access to the bus when asynchronous transfers are permitted. The maximum data block size for an asynchronous packet is determined by the transfer rate of the device, as specified in Table 2 .

Asynchronous transfers are acknowledged and responded to. This allows error-checking and retransmission mechanisms to take place.

The bottom line is that if youâ€™re sending time-critical, error-tolerant data, such as a video or audio stream, isochronous transfers are the way to go. If the data isnâ€™t error-tolerant, such as a disk drive, then asynchronous transfers are preferable.

Physical layer

The 1394 specification defines four protocol layers, known as the physical layer, the link layer, the transaction layer, and the serial bus management layer. The layers are illustrated in Figure 3 .

The physical layer of the 1394 protocol includes the electrical signaling, the mechanical connectors and cabling, the arbitration mechanisms, and the serial coding and decoding of the data being transferred or received. The cable media is defined as a three-pair shielded cable. Two of the pairs are used to transfer data, while the third pair provides power on the bus. The connectors are small six-pin devices, although the 1394a also defines a four-pin connector for self- powered leaf nodes. The power signals arenâ€™t provided on the four-pin connector. The baseline cables are limited to 4.5m in length. Thicker cables allow for longer distances.

The two twisted pairs used for signaling, called out as TPA and TPB, are bidirectional and are tri-state capable. TPA is used to transmit the strobe signal and receive data, while TPB is used to receive the strobe signal and transmit data. The signaling mechanism uses data strobe encoding, a rather clever technique that allows easy extraction of a clock signal with much better jitter tolerance than a standard clock/data mechanism. With data strobe encoding, either the data or the strobe signal (but not both of them) change in a bit cell. Data strobe encoding is shown in Figure 4 .

Configuration

The physical layer plays a major role in the bus configuration and normal arbitration phases of the protocol. Configuration consists of taking a relatively flat physical topology and turning it into a logical tree structure with a root node at its focal point. A bus is reset and reconfigured whenever a device is added or removed. A reset can also be initiated via software. Configuration consists of bus reset and initialization, tree identification, and self identification.

Reset. Reset is signaled by a node driving both TPA and TPB to logic 1. Because of the â€œdominant 1sâ€ electrical definition of the drivers, a logic 1 will always be detected by a port, even if its bidirectional driver is in the transmit state. When a node detects a reset condition on its drivers, it will propagate this signal to all of the other ports that this node supports. The node then enters the idle state for a given period of time to allow the reset indication to propagate to all other nodes on the bus. Reset clears any topology information within the node, although isochronous resources are â€œstickyâ€ and will tend to remain the same during resets.

Tree identification . The tree identification process defines the bus topology. Letâ€™s take the example of our sample home consumer network shown in Figure 1 . After reset, but before tree identification, the bus has a flat logical topology that maps directly to the physical topology. After tree identification is complete, a single node has gained the status of root node. The tree identification proceeds as follows.

After reset, all leaf nodes present a Parent_Notify signaling state on their data and strobe pairs. Note that this is a signaling state, not a transmitted packet. The whole tree identification process occurs in a matter of microseconds. In our example, the digital camera will signal the set-top box, the printer will signal the digital VCR, and the DVD-RAM will signal the PC. When a branch node receives the Parent_Notify signal on one of its ports, it marks that port as containing a child, and outputs a Child_Notify signaling state on that portâ€™s data and strobe pairs. Upon detecting this state, the leaf node marks its port as a parent port and removes the signaling, thereby confirming that the leaf node has accepted the child designation. At this point our bus appears as shown in Figure 5 . The ports marked with a â€œPâ€ indicate that a device which is closer to the root node is attached to that port, while a port marked with a â€œCâ€ indicates that a node farther away from the root node is attached. The port numbers are arbitrarily assigned during design of the device and play an important part in the self identification process.

After the leaf nodes have identified themselves, the digital VCR still has two ports that have not received a Parent_Notify, while the set-top box and the PC branch node both have only one port with an attached device that has not received a Parent_Notify. Therefore, both the set-top box and the PC start to signal a Parent_Notify on the one port that has not yet received one. In this case, the VCR receives the Parent_Notify on both of its remaining ports, which it acknowledges with a Child_Notify condition. Because the VCR has marked all of its ports as children, the VCR becomes the root node. The final configuration is shown in Figure 6 .

Note that two nodes can be in contention for root node status at the end of the process. In this case, a random back-off timer is used to eventually settle on a root node. A node can also force itself to become root node by delaying its participation in the tree identification process for a while. See References 1 and 2 for more details.

Self identification . Once the tree topology is defined, the self identification phase begins. Self identification consists of assigning physical IDs to each node on the bus, having neighboring nodes exchange transmission speed capabilities, and making all of the nodes on the bus aware of the topology that exists. The self identification phase begins with the root node sending an arbitration grant signal to its lowest numbered port. In our example, the digital VCR is the root node and it signals the set-top box. Since the set-top box is a branch node, it will propagate the Arbitration Grant signal to its lowest numbered port with a child node attached. In our case, this port is the digital camera. Because the digital camera is a leaf node, it cannot propagate the arbitration grant signal downstream any farther, so it assigns itself physical ID 0 and transmits a self ID packet upstream. The branch node (set-top box) repeats the self ID packet to all of its ports with attached devices. Eventually the self ID packet makes its way back up to the root node, which proceeds to transmit the self ID packet down to all devices on its higher-numbered ports. In this manner, all attached devices receive the self ID packet that was transmitted by the digital camera. Upon receiving this packet, all of the other devices increment their self ID counter. The digital camera then signals a self ID done indication upstream to the set-top box, which indicates that all nodes attached downstream on this port have gone through the self ID process. Note that the set-top box does not propagate this signal upstream toward the root node because it hasnâ€™t completed the self ID process.

The root node will then continue to signal an Arbitration Grant signal to its lowest numbered port which in this case is still the set-top box. Because the set-top box has no other attached devices, it assigns itself physical ID 1 and transmits a self ID packet back upstream. This process continues until all ports on the root node have indicated a self ID done condition. The root node then assigns itself the next physical ID. The root node will always be the highest-numbered device on the bus. If we follow through with our example, we come up with the following physical IDs: digital camera = 0; set-top box = 1; printer = 2; DVD-RAM = 3; PC = 4; and the digital VCR, which is the root node, 5.

Note that during the self ID process, parent and children nodes are also exchanging their maximum speed capabilities. This process also exposes the Achilles heel of the 1394 protocol. Nodes can only transmit as fast as the slowest device between the transmitting node and the receiving node. For example, if the digital camera and the digital VCR are both capable of transmitting at 400Mbps, but the set-top box is only capable of transmitting at 100Mbps, the high-speed devices cannot use the maximum rate to communicate amongst themselves. The only way around this problem is for the end user to reconfigure the cabling so the low-speed set-top box is not physically between the two high-speed devices.

Also during the self ID process, all nodes wishing to become the isochronous resource manager will indicate this fact in their self ID packet. The highest numbered node that wishes to become resource manager will receive the honor.

Normal arbitration

Once the configuration process is complete, normal bus operations can begin. To fully understand arbitration, a knowledge of the cycle structure of 1394 is necessary.

A 1394 cycle is a time slice with a nominal 125Âµs period. The 8kHz cycle clock is kept by the cycle master, which is also the root node. To begin a cycle, the cycle master broadcasts a cycle start packet, which all other devices on the bus use to synchronize their timebases.

Immediately following the cycle start packet, devices that wish to broadcast their isochronous data may arbitrate for the bus. Arbitration consists of signaling your parent node that you wish to gain access to the bus. The parent nodes in turn signal their parents and so on, until the request reaches the root node. In our previous example, suppose the digital camera and the PC wish to stream data over the bus. They both signal their parents that they wish to gain access to the bus. Since the PCâ€™s parent is the root node, its request is received first and it is granted the bus. From this scenario, it is evident that the closest device to the root node wins the arbitration.

Because isochronous channels can only be used once per cycle, when the next isochronous gap occurs, the PC will no longer participate in the arbitration. This condition allows the digital camera to win the next arbitration. Note that the PC could have more than one isochronous channel, in which case it would win the arbitration until it had no more channels left. This points out the important role of the isochronous resource manager: it will not allow the allotted isochronous channels to require more bandwidth than available.

When the last isochronous channel has transmitted its data, the bus becomes idle waiting for another isochronous channel to begin arbitration. Because there are no more isochronous devices left waiting to transmit, the idle time extends longer than the isochronous gap until it reaches the duration defined as the subaction (or asynchronous) gap. At this time, asynchronous devices may begin to arbitrate for the bus. Arbitration proceeds in the same manner, with the closest device to the root node winning arbitration.

This point brings up an interesting scenario: because asynchronous devices can send more than one packet per cycle, the device closest to the root node (or the root node itself) might be able to hog the bus by always winning the arbitration. This scenario is dealt with using what is called the fairness interval and the arbitration rest gap. The concept is simpleâ€”once a node wins the asynchronous arbitration and delivers its packet, it clears its arbitration enable bit. When this bit is cleared, the physical layer no longer participates in the arbitration process, giving devices farther away from the root node a fair shot at gaining access to the bus. When all devices wishing to gain access to the bus have had their fair shot, they all wind up having their arbitration enable bits cleared, meaning no one is trying to gain access to the bus. This causes the idle time on the bus to go longer than the 10Âµs subaction gap until it finally reaches 20Âµs, which is called the arbitration reset gap. When the idle time reaches this point, all devices may reset their arbitration enable bits and arbitration can begin all over again.

Link layer

The link layer is the interface between the physical layer and the transaction layer. The link layer is responsible for checking received CRCs and calculating and appending the CRC to transmitted packets. In addition, because isochronous transfers do not use the transaction layer, the link layer is directly responsible for sending and receiving isochronous data. The link layer also examines the packet header information and determines the type of transaction that is in progress. This information is then passed up to the transaction layer.

The interface between the link layer and the physical layer is listed as an informative (not required) appendix in the IEEE 1394-1995 specification. In the 1394a addendum, however, this interface becomes a required part of the specification. This change was instituted to promote interoperability amongst the various 1394 chip vendors.

The link layer to physical layer interface consists of a minimum of 17 signals that must be either magnetically or capacitively isolated from the PHY. These signals are defined in Table 3 .

A typical link layer implementation has the PHY interface, a CRC checking and generation mechanism, transmit and receive FIFOs, interrupt registers, a host interface and at least one DMA channel.

Transaction layer

The transaction layer is used for asynchronous transactions. The 1394 protocol uses a request-response mechanism, with confirmations typically generated within each phase. Several types of transactions are allowed. They are listed as follows:

* Simple quadlet (four-byte) read
* Simple quadlet write
* Variable-length read
* Variable-length write
* Lock transactions

Lock transactions allow for atomic swap and compare and swap operations to be performed.

Asynchronous packets have a standard header format, along with an optional data block. The packets are assembled and disassembled by the link layer controller. Figure 8 shows the format of a typical asynchronous packet.

Transactions can be split, concatenated, or unified. Figure 9 illustrates a split transaction. The split transaction occurs when a device cannot respond fast enough to the transaction request. When a request is received, the node responds with an acknowledge packet. An acknowledge packet is sent after every asynchronous packet. In fact, the acknowledging device doesnâ€™t even have to arbitrate for the bus; control of the bus is automatic after receiving an incoming request or response packet.

In Figure 9 , the responder node sends the acknowledge back and then prepares the data that was requested. While this is going on, other devices may be using the bus. Once the responder node has the data ready, it begins to arbitrate for the bus, to send out its response packet containing the desired data. The requester node receives this data and returns an acknowledge packet (also without needing to re-arbitrate for the bus).

If the responder node can prepare the requested data quickly enough, the entire transaction can be concatenated. This removes the need for the responding node to arbitrate for the bus after the acknowledge packet is sent.

For data writes, the acknowledgement can also be the response to the write, which is the case in a unified transaction. If the responder can accept the data fast enough, its acknowledge packet can have a transaction code of complete instead of pending . This eliminates the need for a separate response transaction altogether. Note that unified read and lock transactions arenâ€™t possible, and the acknowledge packet canâ€™t return data. Figure 10 shows the different types of transactions supported by 1394.

1394a arbitration enhancements

The 1394a addendum adds three new types of arbitration to be used with asynchronous nodes: acknowledged accelerated arbitration, fly-by arbitration, and token-style arbitration.

Acknowledged accelerated arbitration. When a responding node also has a request packet to transmit, the responding node can immediately transmit its request without arbitrating for the bus. Normally the responding node would have to go through the standard arbitration process.

Fly-by arbitration. A node that contains several ports must act as a repeater on its active ports. A multiport node may use fly-by arbitration on packets that donâ€™t require acknowledgement (isochronous packets and acknowledge packets). When a node using this technique is repeating a packet upstream toward the root node, it may concatenate an identical speed packet to the end of the current packet. Note that asynchronous packets may not be added to isochronous packets.

Token-style arbitration. Token-style arbitration requires a group of cooperating nodes. When the cooperating node closest to the root node wins a normal arbitration, it can pass the arbitration grant down to the node farthest from the root. This node sends a normal packet, and all of the cooperating nodes can use fly-by arbitration to add their packets to the original packet as it heads upstream.

Bus management

Bus management on a 1394 bus involves several different responsibilities that may be distributed among more than one node. Nodes on the bus must assume the roles of cycle master, isochronous resource manager, and bus manager.

Cycle master. The cycle master initiates the 125Âµs cycles. The root node must be the cycle master; if a node that is not cycle master capable becomes root node, the bus is reset and a node that is cycle master capable is forced to be the root. The cycle master broadcasts a cycle start packet every 125Âµs. Note that a cycle start can be delayed while an asynchronous packet is being transmitted or acknowledged. The cycle master deals with this by including the amount of time that the cycle was delayed in the cycle start packet.

Isochronous resource manager . The isochronous resource manager must be isochronous transaction capable. The isochronous resource manager must also implement several additional registers. These registers include the Bus Manager ID Register, the Bus Bandwidth Allocation Register, and the Channel Allocation Register. Isochronous channel allocation is performed by a node that wishes to transmit isochronous packets. These nodes must allocate a channel from the Channel Allocation Register by reading the bits in the 64-bit register. Each channel has one bit associated with it. A channel is available if its bit is set to a logic 1. The requesting node sets the first available channel bit to a logic 0 and uses this bit number as the channel ID.

In addition, the requesting node must examine the Bandwidth Available Register to determine how much bandwidth it can consume. The total amount of bandwidth available is 6,144 allocation units. One allocation unit is the time required to transfer one quadlet at 1,600Mbps. A total of 4,915 allocation units are available for isochronous transfers if any asynchronous transfers are used. Nodes wishing to use isochronous bandwidth must subtract the amount of bandwidth needed from the Bandwidth Available Register.

Bus manager . A bus manager has several functions, including publishing the topology and speed maps, managing power, and optimizing bus traffic. The topology map may be used by nodes with a sophisticated user interface that could instruct the end user on the optimum connection topology to enable the highest throughput between nodes. The speed map is used by nodes to determine what speed it can use to communicate with other nodes.

The bus manager is also responsible for determining whether the node that has become root node is cycle master capable. If it isnâ€™t, the bus manager searches for a node that is cycle master capable and forces a bus reset that will select that node as root node. The bus manager might not always find a capable node; in this case, at least some of the bus management functions are performed by the isochronous resource manager.

Hardware and software support

Hardware . Several manufacturers offer components for engineers designing systems to support IEEE 1394. Integrated circuit providers typically provide a chipset that includes a link layer controller and a physical layer controller. One of the goals of the 1394a addendum is to provide interoperability among the various link layer and physical layer controllers. Some of the available ICs and cores are shown in Table 5 .

Complete PCI-based cards that plug into a PC backplane are available from companies such as Adaptec, Sony, and Texas Instruments.

Software. IEEE 1394 is directly supported in the new Windows Driver Model (WDM), which is used in Windows 98 and will be available in Windows NT 5.0. For chipsets and devices to support the drivers provided in the new versions of Windows, several members of the 1394 Trade Association have banded together to create the 1394 Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI) Specification. The OHCI provides a link layer controller, as well as bus management functionality. In addition, the OHCI defines several DMA controllers for asynchronous and isochronous transactions. These controllers provide registers that a standard 1394 driver, provided by Microsoft, can use to configure the controller and schedule transactions.

Microsoft provides WDM streaming drivers to support audio and video devices such as DVD players, MPEG decoders, tuners, and audio codecs. These streaming drivers permit low-latency support for isochronous channels. The drivers minimize the transitions between user mode and kernel mode, which significantly reduces the overhead for driver calls and data movement.

For storage devices, printers, and scanners, Windows NT 5.0 supports the Serial Block Protocol (SBP-2). Microsoft recommends that devices be written to support the SCSI command set so the device can use the existing SCSI class driver that sits on top of the SBP-2 driver. If the vendor doesnâ€™t support the SCSI protocol, they will need to write their own class driver to support their own command set.

In addition to the SBP-2 specification for storage devices, other standard data formats that ride on top of 1394 are in various stages of completion. These include the Tailgate specification, which defines a method for adapting ATA/ATAPI controllers to 1394, a digital video (DV) standard, and a printer protocol. The Digital Still Image Working Group and an industrial control and instrumentation group are also working on related standards.

Embedded systems designers have also seen some RTOS vendors add support for 1394, including Integrated Systems and Wind River. These vendors typically support a third-party protocol stack that has been ported to their RTOS. Zayante, Award Software, and Technology Rendevous each have a 1394 stack that they claim is OS-independent. Windows CE doesnâ€™t currently have native support for 1394, but it will undoubtedly support it in the near future. Third-party support fills the existing gap.

Enabling the convergence

The IEEE 1394 protocol, USB, Ethernet, and IrDA will be the data channels of the future. Any embedded system that needs to share information (and what systems wonâ€™t?) will use at least one of the aforementioned communication methods. IEEE 1394 provides the highest throughput, as well as providing isochronous capability and peer-to-peer support. These features make it a prime candidate as the driver for the consumer, computer, and communications convergence. Proposed enhancements and additions to the protocol include targeting higher speeds, home networking, fiber transmission, and wireless IR transmission. As more devices support 1394, the prices for silicon will continue to drop rapidly, which will in turn cause more engineers to design in this protocol. esp

Posted by aliaswn in FieldBus, Technology No Comments →

Vavle Tutorial

GENERAL

Solenoid valves are used wherever fluid flow has to be controlled automatically. They are being used to an increasing degree in the most varied types of plants and equipment. The variety of different designs which are available enables a valve to be selected to specifically suit the application in question.

CONSTRUCTION

Solenoid valves are control units which, when electrically energized or de-energized, either shut off or allow fluid flow. The actuator takes the form of an electromagnet. When energized, a magnetic field builds up which pulls a plunger or pivoted armature against the action of a spring. When de-energized, the plunger or pivoted armature is returned to its original position by the spring action.

VALVE OPERATION

According to the mode of actuation, a distinction is made between direct-acting valves, internally piloted valves, and externally piloted valves. A further distinguishing feature is the number of port connections or the number of flow paths (“ways”).

DIRECT-ACTING VALVES

With a direct-acting solenoid valve, the seat seal is attached to the solenoid core. In the de-energized condition, a seat orifice is closed, which opens when the valve is energized.

DIRECT-ACTING 2-WAY VALVES

Two-way valves are shut-off valves with one inlet port and one outlet port (Fig. 1). In the de-energized condition, the core spring, assisted by the fluid pressure, holds the valve seal on the valve seat to shut off the flow. When energized, the core and seal are pulled into the solenoid coil and the valve opens. The electro-magnetic force is greater than the combined spring force and the static and dynamic pressure forces of the medium.

DIRECT-ACTING 3-WAY VALVES

Three-way valves have three port connections and two valve seats. One valve seal always remains open and the other closed in the de-energized mode. When the coil is energized, the mode reverses. The 3-way valve shown in Fig. 2 is designed with a plunger type core. Various valve operations can be obtained according to how the fluid medium is connected to the working ports in Fig. 2. The fluid pressure builds up under the valve seat. With the coil de-energized, a conical spring holds the lower core seal tightly against the valve seat and shuts off the fluid flow. Port A is exhausted through R. When the coil is energized the core is pulled in, the valve seat at Port R is sealed off by the spring-loaded upper core seal. The fluid medium now flows from P to A.

Unlike the versions with plunger-type cores, pivoted-armature valves have all port connections in the valve body. An isolating diaphragm ensures that the fluid medium does not come into contact with the coil chamber. Pivoted-armature valves can be used to obtain any 3-way valve operation. The basic design principle is shown in Fig. 3. Pivoted-armature valves are provided with manual override as a standard feature.

INTERNALLY PILOTED SOLENOID VALVES

With direct-acting valves, the static pressure forces increase with increasing orifice diameter which means that the magnetic forces, required to overcome the pressure forces, become correspondingly larger. Internally piloted solenoid valves are therefore employed for switching higher pressures in conjunction with larger orifice sizes; in this case, the differential fluid pressure performs the main work in opening and closing the valve.

INTERNALLY PILOTED 2-WAY VALVES

Internally piloted solenoid valves are fitted with either a 2- or 3-way pilot solenoid valve. A diaphragm or a piston provides the seal for the main valve seat. The operation of such a valve is indicated in Fig. 4. When the pilot valve is closed, the fluid pressure builds up on both sides of the diaphragm via a bleed orifice. As long as there is a pressure differential between the inlet and outlet ports, a shut-off force is available by virtue of the larger effective area on the top of the diaphragm. When the pilot valve is opened, the pressure is relieved from the upper side of the diaphragm. The greater effective net pressure force from below now raises the diaphragm and opens the valve. In general, internally piloted valves require a minimum pressure differential to ensure satisfactory opening and closing. Omega also offers internally piloted valves, designed with a coupled core and diaphragm that operate at zero pressure differential (Fig. 5).

INTERNALLY PILOTED MULTI-WAY SOLENOID VALVES

Internally piloted 4-way solenoid valves are used mainly in hydraulic and pneumatic applications to actuate double-acting cylinders. These valves have four port connections: a pressure inlet P, two cylinder port connections A and B, and one exhaust port connection R. An internally piloted 4/2-way poppet valve is shown in Fig. 6. When de-energized, the pilot valve opens at the connection from the pressure inlet to the pilot channel. Both poppets in the main valve are now pressurized and switch over. Now port connection P is connected to A, and B can exhaust via a second restrictor through R.

EXTERNALLY PILOTED VALVES

With these types an independent pilot medium is used to actuate the valve. Fig. 7 shows a piston-operated angle-seat valve with closure spring. In the unpressurized condition, the valve seat is closed. A 3-way solenoid valve, which can be mounted on the actuator, controls the independent pilot medium. When the solenoid valve is energized, the piston is raised against the action of the spring and the valve opens. A normally-open valve version can be obtained if the spring is placed on the opposite side of the actuator piston. In these cases, the independent pilot medium is connected to the top of the actuator. Double-acting versions controlled by 4/2-way valves do not contain any spring.

MATERIALS

All materials used in the construction of the valves are carefully selected according to the varying types of applications. Body material, seal material, and solenoid material are chosen to optimize functional reliability, fluid compatibility, service life and cost.

BODY MATERIALS

Neutral fluid valve bodies are made of brass and bronze. For fluids with high temperatures, e.g., steam, corrosion-resistant steel is available. In addition, polyamide material s used for economic reasons in various plastic valves.

SOLENOID MATERIALS

All parts of the solenoid actuator which come into contact with the fluid are made of austenitic corrosion-resistant steel. In this way, resistance is guaranteed against corrosive attack by neutral or mildly aggressive media.

SEAL MATERIALS

The particular mechanical, thermal and chemical conditions in an application factors in the selection of the seal material. the standard material for neutral fluids at temperatures up to 194Â°F is normally Viton. For higher temperatures EPDM and PTFE are employed. The PTFE material is universally resistant to practically all fluids of technical interest.

PRESSURE RATINGS – PRESSURE RANGE

All pressure figures quoted in this section represent gauge pressures. Pressure ratings are quoted in PSI. The valves function reliably within the given pressure ranges. Our figures apply for the range 15% undervoltage to 10% overvoltage. If 3/2-way valves are used in a different operation, the permitted pressure range changes. Further details are contained in our data sheets.

In the case of vacuum operation, care has to be taken to ensure that the vacuum is on the outlet side (A or B) while the higher pressure, i.e. atmospheric pressure, is connected to the inlet port P.

FLOW RATE VALUES

The flow rate through a valve is determined by the nature of the design and by the type of flow. The size of valve required for a particular application is generally established by the Cv rating. This figure is evolved for standardized units and conditions, i.e. flowrate in GPM and using water at a temperature of between 40Â°F and 86Â°F at a pressure drop of 1 PSI. Cv ratings for each valve are quoted. A standardized system of flowrate values is also used for pneumatics. In this case the air flow in SCFM upstream and a pressure drop of 15 PSI at a temperature of 68Â°F.

SOLENOID ACTUATOR

A common feature of all Omega solenoid valves is the epoxy-encapsulated solenoid system. With this system, the whole magnetic circuit-coil, connections, yoke and core guide tube – are incorporated in one compact unit. This results in a high magnetic force being contained within the minimum of space, insuring first class electrical insulation and protection against vibration, as well as external corrosive effects.

COILS

The Omega coils are available in all the commonly used AC and DC voltages. The low power consumption, in particular with the smaller solenoid systems, means that control via solid state circuitry is possible.

The magnetic force available increases as the air gap between the core and plug nut decreases, regardless of whether AC or DC is involved. An AC solenoid system has a larger magnetic force available at a greater stroke than a comparable DC solenoid system. The characteristic stroke vs. force graphs, indicated in Fig. 8, illustrate this relationship.

The current consumption of an AC solenoid is determined by the inductance. With increasing stroke the inductive resistance decreases and causes an increase in current consumption. This means that at the instant of de-energization, the current reaches its maximum value. The opposite situation applies to a DC solenoid where the current consumption is a function only of the resistance of the windings. A time-based comparison of the energization characteristics for AC and DC solenoids is shown in Fig. 9. At the moment of being energized, i.e. when the air gap is at its maximum, solenoid valves draw much higher currents than when the core is completely retracted, i.e., the air gap is closed. This results in a high output and increased pressure range. In DC systems, after switching on the current, flow increases relatively slowly until a constant holding current is reached. These valves are therefore, only able to control lower pressures than AC valves at the same orifice sizes. Higher pressures can only be obtained by reducing the orifice size and, thus, the flow capability.

THERMAL EFFECTS

A certain amount of heat is always generated when a solenoid coil is energized. The standard version of the solenoid valves has relatively low temperature rises. They are designed to reach a maximum temperature rise of 144Â°F under conditions of continuous operation (100%) and at 10% overvoltage. In addition, a maximum ambient temperature of 130Â°F is generally permissible. The maximum permissible fluid temperatures are dependent on the particular seal and body materials specified. These figures can be obtained from the technical data.

TIME DEFINITIONS (VDE0580) RESPONSE TIMES

The small volumes and relatively high magnetic forces involved with solenoid valves enable rapid response times to be obtained. Valves with various response times are available for special applications. The response time is defined as the time between application of the switching signal and completion of mechanical opening or closing.

ON PERIOD

The on period is defined as the time between switching the solenoid current on and off.

CYCLE PERIOD

The total time of the energized and de-energized periods is the cycle period. Preferred cycle period: 2, 5, 10 or 30 minutes.

RELATIVE DUTY CYCLE

The relative duty cycle (%) is the percentage ratio of the energized period to the total cycle period. Continuous operation (100% duty cycle) is defined as continuous operation until steady-state temperature is reached.

VALVE OPERATION

The coding for the valve operation always consists of a capital letter. The summary at left details the codes of the various valve operations and indicates the appropriate standard circuit symbols.

VISCOSITY

The technical data is valid for viscosities up to the figure quoted. Higher viscosities are permissible, but in these cases the voltage tolerance range is reduced and the response times are extended.

TEMPERATURE RANGE

Temperature limits for the fluid medium are always detailed. Various factors, e.g. ambient conditions, cycling, speed, voltage tolerance, installation details, etc., can, however, influence the temperature performance. The values quoted herein should, therefore, be used only as a general guide. In cases where operation at extremes of the temperature range are involved, you should seek advice from Omega’s Engineering Department.

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Ultraviolet ANSWER

Ultraviolet (UV) light has shorter wavelengths than visible light. Though these waves are invisible to the human eye, some insects, like bumblebees, can see them! (Image of the bumblebee is courtesty of Mark Cassino.) Â Â Â An image of a bumblebee.

Scientists have divided the ultraviolet part of the spectrum into three regions: the near ultraviolet, the far ultraviolet, and the extreme ultraviolet. The three regions are distinguished by how energetic the ultraviolet radiation is, and by the “wavelength” of the ultraviolet light, which is related to energy.

The near ultraviolet, abbreviated NUV, is the light closest to optical or visible light. The extreme ultraviolet, abbreviated EUV, is the ultraviolet light closest to X-rays, and is the most energetic of the three types. The far ultraviolet, abbreviated FUV, lies between the near and extreme ultraviolet regions. It is the least explored of the three regions.

The Extreme Ultraviolet Sun. Â Â Â Our Sun emits light at all the different wavelengths in electromagnetic spectrum, but it is ultraviolet waves that are responsible for causing our sunburns. To the left is an image of the Sun taken at an Extreme Ultraviolet wavelength – 171 Angstroms to be exact. (An Angstrom is a unit length equal to 10-10 meters.) This image was taken by a satellite named SOHO and it shows what the Sun looked like on April 24, 2000.

Though some ultraviolet waves from the Sun penetrate Earth’s atmosphere, most of them are blocked from entering by various gases like Ozone. Some days, more ultraviolet waves get through our atmosphere. Scientists have developed a UV index to help people protect themselves from these harmful ultraviolet waves.

How do we “see” using Ultraviolet light?

It is good for humans that we are protected from getting too much ultraviolet radiation, but it is bad for scientists! Astronomers have to put ultraviolet telescopes on satellites to measure the ultraviolet light from stars and galaxies – and even closer things like the Sun!

There are many different satellites that help us study ultraviolet astronomy. Many of them only detect a small portion of UV light. For example, the Hubble Space Telescope observes stars and galaxies mostly in near ultraviolet light. NASA’s Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer satellite is currently exploring the extreme ultraviolet universe. The International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite has observed in the far and near ultraviolet regions for over 17 years. Â Â Â The International Ultraviolet Explorer

What does Ultraviolet light show us?

We can study stars and galaxies by studying the UV light they give off – but did you know we can even study the Earth? Below is an unusual image – it is a picture of Earth taken from a lunar observatory! This false-color picture shows how the Earth glows in ultraviolet (UV) light.

The Far UV Camera/Spectrograph deployed and left on the Moon by the crew of Apollo 16 took this picture. The part of the Earth facing the Sun reflects much UV light. Even more interesting is the side facing away from the Sun. Here, bands of UV emission are also apparent. These bands are the result of aurora caused by charged particles given off by the Sun. They spiral towards the Earth along Earth’s magnetic field lines. Â Â Â The UV Earth D

Many scientists are interested in studying the invisible universe of ultraviolet light, since the hottest and the most active objects in the cosmos give off large amounts of ultraviolet energy.

The image below shows three different galaxies taken in visible light (bottom three images) and ultraviolet light (top row) taken by NASA’s Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) on the Astro-2 mission.

UV and Visible images of 3 galaxiesD

The difference in how the galaxies appear is due to which type of stars shine brightest in the optical and ultraviolet wavelengths. Pictures of galaxies like the ones below show mainly clouds of gas containing newly formed stars many times more massive than the sun, which glow strongly in ultraviolet light. In contrast, visible light pictures of galaxies show mostly the yellow and red light of older stars. By comparing these types of data, astronomers can learn about the structure and evolution of galaxies.

Posted by aliaswn in Measurement, Technology, Tips No Comments →

FOUNDATION fieldbus Device Description DD tools

The Fieldbus Foundation today announced the latest updates to its FOUNDATION(tm) fieldbus Device Description (DD) tools and specifications. The new releases for DD technology, which is fully compliant with the IEC 61804 and ISA104 Electronic Device Description Language (EDDL) profile, include enhanced versions of: DD Services (Version 5.1.0), DD Integrated Development Environment (Version 1.1.0), Device Description Language Interoperability Specification (FF-901), Device Description Language Specification (FF-900) and DD Library (Version 3.2).

The Fieldbus Foundation’s manager-fieldbus products, Stephen Mitschke, commented, “The updated DD solutions build upon the robust functionality of the previous DD 5.0 release, and are intended to help device developers, system suppliers and end users advance the performance of their FOUNDATION fieldbus products.”

Mitschke indicated that the latest DD enhancements support Unicode, providing FOUNDATION fieldbus device and system suppliers with an expanded ability to write and visualize DDs using local languages, including Asian languages. The enhancements also allow developers to build device-level menus, thus enabling visualization of multiple blocks and significantly improving the device integration experience. In addition, support for new parameter attributes will ensure an enhanced user interface for accessing devices.

Mitschke added that support for device-level menus will become mandatory as part of the Fieldbus Foundation’s host profile test and registration program. Like the current device registration process, host registration will strengthen fieldbus interoperability and system integration. Hosts successfully completing registration testing will be authorized to bear the foundation’s official product registration symbol.

Both of the DD technical documents (FF-900 and FF-901) fully describe the new enhancements, and are included in the FOUNDATION fieldbus technical specification. These documents are available for download on Fieldbus Forums (forums.fieldbus.org) to all foundation members with a specification maintenance agreement.

FOUNDATION fieldbus DD Services is a versatile development resource making it easier for host applications to access FOUNDATION device information and work with DDs more efficiently. Operating much like a query server for a database management system, DD Services frees hosts from the burden of decoding DD binary files. The host application constructs a request to access specific information about a device, and DD Services extracts the information from the DD binary file. The host application is relieved of having to know the format of the DD binary file, and then searching the file for the information it needs.

DD Services Version 5.1.0 delivers an integrated view of fieldbus devices through DD Menus. The new release is backward compatible with all existing DD implementations, but still offers new features required for device registration such as support for device-level menus and Unicode.

The Device Description Integrated Development Environment (DD-IDE) provides a single, easy to use application for developing, testing and debugging DD files. It is designed for fast, automatic code completion as the developer types code into DD project files. The application includes an online method debugger with watch window; an integrated text editor with customizable syntax highlighting and color-coding; an output window to display progress and errors during tokenizing; customizable project settings; a global file search tool; customizable tag files; and a project resource tree for management and development.

DD-IDE Version 1.1.0 provides enhanced support for visualization and grid interface. Like DD Services, this new release is backward compatible with all existing DD implementations, but still offers new features required for device registration such as support for device-level menus and Unicode.

DD Library provides standardized source code for all FOUNDATION fieldbus blocks and parameters, making it easy for developers to build DDs for fieldbus instrumentation. Suppliers only need to implement custom blocks and other manufacturer-specific additional parameters. Furthermore, the DD Library promotes a standardized view of field device information across manufacturers, enabling consistent configuration by users. The library is maintained to describe the most recent FOUNDATION specification.

DD Library Version 3.2 includes code for the Standard Temperature with Calibration Two Sensor block. It also provides new manufacturer names and IDs. Some unit codes have been added in response to action requests submitted for DD Library Version 3.1.

For more information about the latest DD releases, please visit http://www.fieldbus.org.

About the Fieldbus Foundation(tm)
The Fieldbus Foundation is a global not-for-profit corporation consisting of leading process end users and automation companies. Within the Fieldbus Foundation, end users, manufacturers, universities and research organizations work together to develop an automation infrastructure that provides process integrity, business intelligence and open scalable integration in a managed environment. For more information, visit their web site at http://www.fieldbus.org.

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Ultrasonic Flowmeter Worldwide Outlook

8/6/2008
Ultrasonic Flowmeter Market to Reach $590 Million by 2012
Propelled by strong growth in the oil & gas industry, the worldwide market for ultrasonic flowmeters is expected to grow at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.9% over the next five years.Â The market was $367 million in 2007 and is forecasted to be over $589 million in 2012, according to a new ARC Advisory Group study.

UltrasonicUltrasonic flowmeters, once limited to use in niche applications, have become the fastest growing flow technology, particularly in the hydrocarbon industries.Â While ultrasonic flowmeter technology has been available for decades, it has only in recent years begun to see more widespread adoption.Â â€œUltrasonic meters offer a compelling value proposition to users, and stand poised for widespread adoption in the process industries.Â Given its smaller market size relative to other flow technologies, sustained growth of the hydrocarbon industries, and a large installed base of obsolete and maintenance-heavy mechanical metering technologies ripe for replacement, ARC expects the ultrasonic market to continue to grow at near double-digit rates in coming years,â€ according to Analyst Allen Avery, the principal author of ARCâ€™s â€œUltrasonic Flowmeter Worldwide Outlookâ€.

Custody Transfer Segment Sees Strong Growth
Almost all of the growth of the process ultrasonic market in recent years has been due to increased shipments to the oil & gas industry, which nearly doubled over previous levels.Â It appears that the custody transfer market for natural gas has taken shape, thanks to adoption of the AGA9 custody transfer standard, and the use of ultrasonic meters for liquid custody transfer is increasing.Â The oil & gas industry has set aside its conservative stance on field device technology and has begun to embrace ultrasonic metering, particularly in new projects that allow the design of an infrastructure appropriate to achieve the best meter performance.

Smart Meters Provide Diagnostic Information
Fieldbus enabled smart meters will see strong growth, as flowmeters are installed as part of overall control systems.Â Communication via fieldbus networks allows users to remotely configure, monitor, and control their ultrasonic flowmeters.Â Meters that use digital communications protocols can also provide users with a wealth of diagnostic information about the health of not only the meter, but also the process.Â With sophisticated electronics embedded in ultrasonic flowmeters and visualization software, users can monitor flow profiles, the effects of flow conditioning, and detect potential line blockages.Â Armed with this data, users can optimize their meter calibration and maintenance practices.

Asia, Middle East Lead Growth
The largest growth will occur in Asia and EMEA regions.Â China and India are expected to make robust investment in basic infrastructure and new manufacturing plants.Â As energy-poor China seeks fuel for its rapid economic growth, it will ramp up its oil & gas infrastructure.Â The Middle East will continue to be fertile ground for ultrasonic meter suppliers, due to its role in oil & gas production. Growth in North America will be relatively modest, but still healthy due to investment in oil & gas infrastructure.

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Brangelina

LOS ANGELES (Reuters) – The most famous babies on the planet, the latest spawn of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt, made their world premiere on the Internet on Sunday, having outfoxed the paparazzi since they were born three weeks ago.

People magazine posted the cover of its upcoming issue, featuring twins Vivienne Marcheline and Knox Leon and their proud parents, on its Web site, a teaser for a 19-page spread that will hit newsstands on Monday.

All were dressed in white, and the babies had no distinguishing characteristics. A smaller photo in the corner showed the couple’s 2-year-old daughter, Shiloh, holding her new sister.

In a blurb that accompanied the cover photo, Jolie was quoted as saying that the couple’s family life at a sprawling French chateau was “chaos, but we are managing it and having a wonderful time.”

In addition to the twins and Shiloh, the couple has three adopted children. Jolie, 33, and Pitt, 44, are one of Hollywood’s most glamorous couples, dubbed “Brangelina” by the celebrity press. She gave birth to the twins in the French city of Nice. Hordes of paparazzi waited out the process, but were unable to penetrate the hospital’s heavy security.

The shoot was conducted by photo agency Getty Images, with People acquiring North American rights to the photos, and British gossip magazine Hello! all other territories. The Pitts have said they will donate the proceeds to charity.

The sum involved has developed into an international guessing game. Rumored price tags for Hollywood baby photos are often wildly inaccurate, and Radar magazine recently reported that celebrity publications are not above stoking the hype in order to boost newsstand sales and Web site traffic.

In the case of the Jolie-Pitt twins, an unsourced report claimed the worldwide rights sold for $14 million, more than three times the rumored $4.1 million deal for Shiloh’s baby photos in 2006. People has said that the rumored numbers for both deals, as well as those for other famous babies that have adorned its pages, are excessive. But it has declined to elaborate.

(Reporting by Dean Goodman)

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OneTreeHill

One Tree Hill
Haley James
Rachel Gattina
Peyton Sawyer
Deb Scott
Jamie Scott
Skills
Brooke Davis
Mouth McFadden
Lucas Scott
Whitey Durham
Karen Roe
Nathan Scott
Dan Scott

Posted by aliaswn in Actor & Movie No Comments →

Archive for August, 2008

Pepper & FUCHS KFD

Fire Protection and Prevention SYS

Fire Protection and Prevention

Fire Gas Detection SYstem

New Technology

Vavle Tutorial

Ultraviolet ANSWER

FOUNDATION fieldbus Device Description DD tools

Ultrasonic Flowmeter Worldwide Outlook

Brangelina

OneTreeHill

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