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General Motors meets to choose preferred bidder for Vauxhall and Opel – Telegraph

The struggling carmaker faces pressure from the British and German governments, which are at loggerheads over the bids for its European business.

Both proposals will lead to the loss of around 10,000 jobs. Vauxhall employs around 5,000 workers at two sites in Britain but Opel employs 25,000 people in Germany – half of GM Europe’s total workforce.

Angela Merkel, the German chancellor, is said to prefer a bid from Magna International, a Canadian car parts maker backed by Russia’s state-owned Sberbank, because fewer of the cuts would fall in Germany than a rival proposal from Brussels-based investment group RHJ International.

* More GM stories

GM, which only emerged from bankrutpcy last month and is selling its European arm to strengthen its finances, is reported to prefer a bid from RHJ because its plan would be easier to put in place.

Magna is offering €350m (£302m) of its own capital and €150m in credit to Opel; RHJ has pledged €275m of its own money.

On Thursday, the Frankfurter Allgemeine, a German daily newspaper, reported that Jochen Homann, the head of the German government’s “Opel Task Force” as saying he had offered GM a €4.5bn loan.

Previously, the plan was for Germany to participate in the loan with other European countries where Opel has factories, but the Task Force chief said that Berlin decided to go it alone, at least for now.

The newspaper said Germany was willing to shoulder the loan because around half of GM’s 50,000 workers in Europe are employed in the country, but Britain, Spain, Poland and Belgium would still be expected to contribute cash at a later stage.

Lord Mandelson, the British Business Secretary, has urged the GM board to make an “objective, commercial decision” that will secure the long-term viability of both Opel and Vauxhall.

“This decision, above all, needs to secure the long-term viability of both Opel and Vauxhall in the UK and should be not be distorted by political considerations in any one country,” he said in a written statement.

A GM official told AFP that the carmaker’s board would meet by phone to consider the bids, adding: “However, there are still some open issues.”

Ms Merkel’s government is seeking to snare the jobs-saving deal before the September 27 general elections.

A final decision might not come until next week, GM officials indicated.

API Specification 6D Twenty-second Edition – Introduction

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6.10 Handwheels and wrenches (levers)

Wrenches for valves shall either be of an integral design or consist of a head which fits on the stem and is designed to take an extended handle. The head design shall allow permanent attachment of the extended section if specified by the purchaser.
The maximum force required at the handwheel or wrench to apply the breakaway torque or thrust shall not exceed 360 N.
Wrenches shall not be longer than twice the face-to-face or end-to-end dimension of the valve.
Handwheel diameter(s) shall not exceed the face-to-face or end-to-end length of the valve or 1 000 mm, whichever is the smaller, unless otherwise agreed. Except for valve sizes DN 40 (NPS 11/2) and smaller, spokes shall not extend beyond the perimeter of the handwheel unless otherwise agreed.
When specified by the purchaser, the handwheel of the gearbox input shaft shall be provided with a torque-limiting device, such as a shear pin, to prevent damage to the drive train.

6.11 Locking devices
Valves shall be supplied with locking devices if specified by the purchaser. Locking devices for check valves shall be designed to lock the valve in the open position only.
Locking devices for other types of valve shall be designed to lock the valve in the open and/or closed position.

6.12 Position indicators
Valves fitted with manual or powered actuators shall be furnished with a visible indicator to show the open and the closed position of the obturator.
For plug and ball valves, the wrench and/or the position indicator shall be in line with the pipeline when the valve is open and transverse when the valve is closed. The design shall be such that the component(s) of the indicator and/or wrench cannot be assembled to falsely indicate the valve position.
Valves without position stops shall have provision for the verification of open and close alignment with the operator/actuator removed.

Contents
1Scope…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1
2 Normative references……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

3 Terms and definitions…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
4 Symbols and abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………………. 6
4.1Symbols………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
4.2 Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
5 Valve types and configurations……………………………………………………………….. 7
5.1 Valve types…………………………………………………………………………………. 7
5.2 Valve configurations……………………………………………………………………. 7
6 Design…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19
6.1 Pressure and temperature rating……………………………………………………………. 19
6.2 Sizes……………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
6.3 Face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions…………………………….. 20
6.4 Minimum-bore full-opening valves………………………………………………………………… 33
6.5 Valve operation……………………………………………………………………………… 33
6.6 Pigging……………………………………………………………………………………. 33
6.7 Valve ends………………………………………………………………. 34
6.8 Pressure relief…………………………………………………………………………………. 34
6.9 Bypass, drain and vent connections………………………………………………………………. 34
6.10 Hand wheels and wrenches (levers)………………………………………… 35
6.11 Locking devices…………………………………………………………. 35

6.12 Position indicators…………………………………………………………. 35
6.13 Operators and stem extensions…………………………………………………….. 36
6.14 Sealant injection……………………………………………………………….. 36
6.15 Lifting lugs …………………………………………………………………………………… 36
6.16 Actuators……………………………………………………………………….. 36
6.17 Drive trains…………………………………………………………………………….. 36
6.18 Stem retention ……………………………………………………………………… 37
6.19 Fire safety……………………………………………………………………………. 37
6.20 Anti-static device……………………………………………………………………………………….. 37
6.21 Design documents ………………………………………………………………………………………. 37
6.22 Design document review……………………………………………………………………………. 37
7 Materials……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 37
7.1 Material specification………………………………………………………………………………………… 37
7.2 Service compatibility ……………………………………………………………………… 37
7.3 Forged parts ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
7.4 Welding ends……………………………………………………………………………………………… 38
7.5 Toughness test requirements………………………………………………………………… 38
7.6 Bolting …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
7.7 Sour service……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
8 Welding ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
8.1 Qualifications…………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
8.2 Impact testing………………………………………………………………………………………………… 39
8.3 Hardness testing ……………………………………………………………………………….. 40
9 Quality control ………………………………………………………………………………………… 41
9.1 General ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 41
9.2 Measuring and test equipment ……………………………………………………………………….. 42
9.3 Qualification of inspection and test personnel ………………………………………………………… 42
9.4 NDE of repair welding…………………………………………………………………….. 42
10 Pressure testing ……………………………………………………………………………. 43
10.1 General ……………………………………………………………………………………… 43

10.2 Stem backseat test……………………………………………………………………………. 43
10.3 Hydrostatic shell test ……………………………………………………………………………… 44
10.4 Hydrostatic seat test …………………………………………………………………………………. 44
10.5 Draining………………………………………………………………………………………………… 46
11 Marking…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 46
11.1 Requirements………………………………………………………………………………………………… 46
11.2 Marking example ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 49
12 Storage and shipping……………………………………………………………………………………………… 50
12.1 Painting …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50
12.2 Corrosion prevention……………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
12.3 Openings……………………………………………………………………………………………. 50
13 Documentation …………………………………………………………………………………… 50
Annex A (informative) Purchasing guidelines…………………………………………………………. 51
Annex B (normative) Supplementary NDE requirements ………………………………………….. 53
Annex C (normative) Supplementary test requirements ………………………………………………. 57
Annex D (normative) Supplementary documentation requirements……………………………….. 61
Annex E (informative) API Monogram………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Positive displacement meters measure the volume
flow rate (QV) directly by repeatedly trapping a
sample of the fluid. The total volume of liquid
passing through the meter in a given period of time
is the product of the volume of the sample and the
number of samples. Positive displacement meters
frequently totalize flow directly on an integral
counter, but they can also generate a pulse output
which may be read on a local display counter or by
transmission to a control room. Because each pulse
represents a discrete volume of fluid, they are
ideally suited for automatic batching and
accounting. Positive displacement meters can be
less accurate than other meters because of leakage
past the internal sealing surfaces. Three common
types of displacement meters are the piston, oval
gear, and nutating disc.

Head Meters

Head meters are the most common types of meter
used to measure fluid flow rates. They measure
fluid flow indirectly by creating and measuring a
differential pressure by means of an obstruction to
the fluid flow. Using well-established conversion
coefficients which depend on the type of head meter
used and the diameter of the pipe, a measurement
of the differential pressure may be translated into a
volume rate.
From the Equation of Continuity, assuming
constant density (incompressible fluid) it can be
seen that:

This equation is one of the most important
relationships in fluid mechanics. It demonstrates
that for steady, uniform flow, a decrease in pipe
diameter results in an increase in fluid velocity. In
addition, from Bernoulli’s equation on the
conversation of energy, it is further seen that total
head pressure (H) must remain constant
everywhere along the flow or:

The first term of the equation is called “potential
head” or “potential energy”. The second term is
known as the “velocity head” or “kinetic energy”.
Because potential and kinetic energy together are
constant, it is clear that an increase in velocity as
described by the Equation of Continuity must also
be accompanied by a decrease in potential energy or
line pressure. It is this relationship between velocity
and pressure that provides the basis for the
operation of all head-type meters.
Head meters are generally simple, reliable, and
offer more flexibility than other flow measurement
methods. The head-type flowmeter almost always
consists of two components: the primary device and
the secondary device. The primary device is placed
in the pipe to restrict the flow and develop a
differential pressure. The secondary device
measures the differential pressure and provides a
readout or signal for transmission to a control
system. With head meters, calibration of a primary
measuring device is not required in the field.

The
primary device can be selected for compatibility
with the specific fluid or application and the
secondary device can be selected for the type or
readout of signal transmission desired.

Orifice Plates

A concentric orifice plate is the simplest and least
expensive of the head meters (Figure 2). Acting as a
primary device, the orifice plate constricts the flow
of a fluid to produce a differential pressure across
the plate. The result is a high pressure upstream
and a low pressure downstream that is proportional
to the square of the flow velocity. An orifice plate
usually produces a greater overall pressure loss
than other primary devices. A practical advantage
of this device is that cost does not increase
significantly with pipe size.

Venturi Tubes

Venturi tubes exhibit a very low pressure loss
compared to other differential pressure head
meters, but they are also the largest and most
costly. They operate by gradually narrowing the
diameter of the pipe (Figure 3), and measuring the
resultant drop in pressure. An expanding section of
the meter then returns the flow to very near its
original pressure. As with the orifice plate, the
differential pressure measurement is converted into
a corresponding flow rate. Venturi tube applications
are generally restricted to those requiring a low
pressure drop and a high accuracy reading. They
are widely used in large diameter pipes such as
those found in waste treatment plants because their
gradually sloping shape will allow solids to flow
through.

Flow Nozzle

Flow nozzles may be thought of as a variation on the venturi tube. The nozzle opening is an elliptical
restriction in the flow but with no outlet area for
pressure recovery (Figure 4). Pressure taps are
located approximately 1/2 pipe diameter downstream
and 1 pipe diameter upstream. The flow nozzle is a
high velocity flowmeter used where turbulence is
high (Reynolds numbers above 50,000) such as in
steam flow at high temperatures. The pressure drop
of a flow nozzle falls between that of the venturi
tube and the orifice plate (30 to 95 percent).

Pitot Tubes

In general, a pitot tube for indicating flow consists
of two hollow tubes that sense the pressure at
different places within the pipe. These tubes can be
mounted separately in the pipe or installed together
in one casing as a single device. One tube measures
the stagnation or impact pressure (velocity head
plus potential head) at a point in the flow. The other
tube measures only the static pressure (potential
head), usually at the wall of the pipe. The
differential pressure sensed through the pitot tube
is proportional to the square of the velocity. To
install a pitot tube, you must determine the location
of maximum velocity with pipe traverses. Although
a pitot tube may be calibrated to measure fluid flow
to ±1/2 percent, changing velocity profiles may cause
significant errors. Pitot tubes are primarily used to
measure gases because the change in the flow
velocity from average to center is not as substantial
as in other fluids. Pitot tubes have found limited
applications in industrial markets because they can
easily become plugged with foreign material in the
fluid. Their accuracy is dependent on the velocity
profile which is difficult to measure.

Target Meters

A target meter consists of a disc or a “target” which
is centered in a pipe (Figure 5). The target surface is
positioned at a right angle to the fluid flow. A direct
measurement of the fluid flow rate results from the
force of the fluid acting against the target. Useful
for dirty or corrosive fluids, target meters require no
external connections, seals, or purge systems. Much
data is necessary, however, to determine the
optimum size of the target and calibration is
essential for its proper operation.

Elbow Tap Meters

An elbow tap operates by using a 45 degree pipe
elbow in the fluid flow. A high pressure tap is taken
from the outside of the elbow and a low pressure tap
is taken from the inside of the elbow. This provides a
differential pressure which is proportional to the
flow rate. Measuring the differential pressure
depends on the centrifugal force of the fluid flowing
through the elbow. Hence, gas with its low density is
not a good application for elbow taps. This also
explains why a short curvature in the elbow
develops a much greater differential pressure than
a long curvature. The pressure drop of an elbow tap
is no greater than that of the elbow. Though
repeatable, accuracy of an elbow tap meter is only
within ±5 percent.

Rotameters

Rotameters (also known as variable-area
flowmeters) are typically made from a tapered glass
tube that is positioned vertically in the fluid flow
(Figure 6). A float that is the same size as the base
of the glass tube rides upward in relation to the
amount of flow. Because the tube is larger in
diameter at the top of the glass than at the bottom,
the float resides at the point where the differential
pressure between the upper and lower surfaces
balance the weight of the float. In most rotameter
applications, the flow rate is read directly from a
scale inscribed on the glass; in some cases, an
automatic sensing device is used to sense the level
of the float and transmit a flow signal. These
“transmitting rotameters” are often made from
stainless steel or other materials for various fluid
applications and higher pressures. Rotameters may
range in size from 1/4 inch to greater then 6 inches.
They measure a wider band of flow (10 to 1) than an
orifice plate with an accuracy of ±2 percent, and a
maximum operating pressure of 300 psig when
constructed of glass. Rotameters are commonly used
for purge flows and levels.

<!– /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:”"; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:”Times New Roman”; mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} –> Indonesia’s oil and gas regulator BPMIGAS has announced that oil and gas companies will soon be required to use domestic banks to finance their operations, according to the Jakarta Post Newspaper. BPMIGAS chairman R. Priyono said that the regulation could be put in place as soon as next month and would be mandatory for both national and foreign companies otherwise their expenses would not be reimbursed under the cost recovery scheme. According to Priyono the regulation aims to increase the liquidity of domestic banks as well as improving their balance of payments.

Significance: The announcement suggests that BPMIGAS is heeding the recommendation of the National Development Planning Board which last month suggested that local banks should support energy projects because the low percentage of non-performing loans to the energy sector made the risk of credit default relatively low(see Indonesia: 27 October 2008: Indonesian Energy Firms Encouraged to Seek Domestic Funding to Avoid Credit Crunch).At the end of August 2008 the energy sector only accounted for around US$4.2 billion or 3.5% of total domestic bank credits disbursed. Given that oil and gas companies are expected to spend US$11.8 million next year, the regulation would significantly increase domestic lending for energy projects. The government may be hoping that the regulation will encourage inter-bank lending, after the lowering of statutory reserve requirements for banks by 4% last month had a limited impact. However at the same time the move is likely to increase anxiety among foreign investors already worried about revisions in cost recovery mechanisms and Pertamina’s moves to acquire farm-in rights in large development projects. They may also be concerned about corruption in Indonesia’s banking sector following the successful prosecution of the Indonesian Central Bank’s former governor Burhanuddin Abdullah on charges of graft. If passed the regulation could deter investor-interest in 31 new oil and gas blocks due to be awarded in spring 2009.

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The Indian government awarded 44 oil and gas exploration blocks Thursday, with the maximum going to ONGC and its partners and first timers BHP Billiton-GVK Power, to attract US$1.5 billion investment in an attempt to cut reliance on imported energy.

Of the 45 blocks that received bids in the seventh round of auction under New Exploration Licensing Policy, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) did not award a deepwater block in Mumbai basin to Cairn Energy India as it found the low bid by the sole bidder “detrimental to the government’s interest in future in terms of profit petroleum.”

Minister of State in Prime Minister’s Office Prithviraj Chauhan, briefing reporters on CCEA decision, said the production sharing contracts (PSCs) for the 44 block would be signed in a month.

A total of 57 blocks were offered in the auction but bids were received only for 45, with about US$1.49 billion minimum investment committed in exploration spend, Petroleum Secretary R S Pandey said.

ONGC and partners bagged the maximum number of 20 oil and gas exploration blocks offered by India in its largest ever international bid round that closed on June 30. First timers BHP Billiton and GVK Power emerged winners in seven deepsea blocks.

Reliance Industries forged an alliance with British Petroleum Plc but could manage only one Krishna-Godavari basin block.

Pandey said the government was considering bringing a next edition of bid round, NELP-VIII in February 2009. “Blocks are under finalisation and we hope to come out with NELP-VIII in February.”

Next acreage auction in Feb: Oil secy

The Indian government hopes to make its next offering of acreages for oil and gas prospecting in February, a top petroleum ministry official told TOI on Thursday after the Cabinet approved award of 44 concessions to winning bidders of the seventh round of exploration blocks’ auction.

“It is a big day for us (the government). Award of so many blocks have been cleared. The formal contracts can now be signed… within a month. It also now allows us to start work on the next round of acreage auctions… hopefully by February. The blocks are being carved and can be finalised,” petroleum secretary R S Pandey said.

The awarded exploration blocks envisage investments of at least $1.5 billion. While clearing these blocks, the Cabinet withheld the award of a deepwater block in Mumbai basin to Cairn Energy India as it found the low bid by the lone bidder “detrimental to the government’s interest in future in terms of profit petroleum”.

Among the awarded blocks, the maximum number was bagged by state-run ONGC and its partners and first-timers BHP Billiton-GVK Power. A total of 57 blocks were offered in the auction but bids were received only for 45. Of the 57 areas offered in NELP-VII, seven deepsea, two shallow water and three onland blocks did not receive any bid.

ONGC and partners bagged the maximum number of 20 oil and gas exploration blocks offered by India in its largest ever international bid round that closed on June 30. First timers BHP Billiton and GVK Power emerged winners in seven deepsea blocks. Reliance Industries forged an alliance with British Petroleum but could manage only one Krishna-Godavari basin block.

The Phase I investment commitment includes $321.15 million for exploration in deepsea, $598.255 million for exploration in shallow waters and $572.75 million for onland blocks, officials said. Besides seismic surveys, 141 exploration wells have been committed in the mandatory Phase I by the winning firms.

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Oil tumbled to a three-and-a-half year low below $49 a barrel on Friday, nearing a $100 drop from its July record high, as more distress for the global economy threatened to eat further into demand for fuels.

Asian stock markets dropped to a five-year low on Friday, tracking U.S. stocks that hit their lowest in a decade the previous session as the fate of the country’s major car makers continued to hang in the balance.

U.S. light crude for January delivery fell $1.02 to $48.40 a barrel at 0209 GMT, its sixth straight session of falls and a 14 percent drop for this week alone, heading for the largest weekly fall since early October.

London Brent crude shed 68 cents to $47.40 a barrel.

“The economy is pulling everything down like a black hole,” said Anthony Nunan, risk management executive at Tokyo-based Mitsubishi Corp. “Until the economy stabilises, it will be hard for oil to put in a bottom.”

Oil has lost two thirds of its value in just under four months since peaking above $147 in July, and is just above the lowest since May 2005 hit on Thursday.

Reflecting the sharp reversal in oil’s fortunes, Goldman Sachs, which in May had been talking of a $200 a barrel superspike, on Thursday again cut its 2009 forecast for U.S. crude oil to $80 a barrel from $86.

As demand tumbles, oil companies plan to store millions of barrels of crude in the hope economics will improve.

Shipping brokers said U.S. oil trader Koch and Royal Dutch Shell had booked supertankers capable of storing 10 million barrels of crude, more than top exporter Saudi Arabia produces in a day.

The further falls in oil prices brought more Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries members out in support of further output cuts.

Libya’s top oil official said the cartel may decide to reduce supply further at its informal meeting in Cairo next week if it finds members have implemented a previous decision to lower output.

The comments followed remarks from other OPEC members, including Kuwait, Iran and Venezuela, raising the possibility of a further cut in supply to prop up oil prices.

OPEC agreed in October to cut output by 1.5 million barrels per day, about 5 percent, from Nov. 1, but the move has failed to stem the decline in oil prices.

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THE boom in eastern Australia’s coal-seam gas industry will accelerate a rise in NSW gas prices, the national energy regulator says.

The State of the Energy Market 2008 report, to be published today, says the rush of projects to develop Queensland’s coal-seam gas into an exportable liquidate form has already nudged up prices along the east coast, as producers seek higher returns.

A gigajoule of gas fetched $2.50-$2.90 two years ago but the report’s lead essay by forecasters ACIL Tasman said recent sales in Queensland had peaked at $7.

Unlike electricity, gas markets outside of Victoria’s are opaque and allow deals to be settled privately, leaving forecasts hazy. But the report said gas was regularly selling for above $4 a gigajoule, as producers seek “significantly higher prices”.

Global oil powers have been attracted to converting Queensland’s extensive reserves into liquefied natural gas (LNG), which can fetch much higher prices on global markets. No LNG plants have been suggested for NSW but prices are being forced up regardless.

Oil has fallen more than 60 per cent from its peak but the companies behind the multibillion-dollar LNG projects are confident of getting high prices despite the downturn.

“The fact that most of the major [coal-seam gas] producers are currently looking to boost reserves and production capacity to underpin proposed LNG facilities means that the supply surplus which had prevailed in the Queensland market for several years has now been reversed,” it said.

Historically, Australians have had the world’s cheapest gas. In the US, it costs about $US6.70 per million British thermal units, slightly less than a gigajoule.

The chairman of the Australian Energy Regulator, Steve Edwell, said the carbon pollution reduction scheme would make gas more attractive. It emits less carbon than coal when burnt.

“It will add further momentum to the natural gas sector and over time will spur greater interest in clean coal and renewable generation technologies,” he said.

Gas companies have long argued that prices are set to rise towards “export parity’. The report confirms the Queensland LNG plans are accelerating the process.

Australia is the fifth largest LNG exporter. The coal-seam gas bonanza has seen the likes of ConocoPhillips in the US, Britain’s BG Group and Malaysia’s Petronas pay well above previous prices.