Intro4u2u

Precision Flow Measurement

Density Principles and Measurement Corrections
Mass, Density Measurement Principles, Correcting Indicated Weight, True Mass vs Apparent Mass, Weight Density Principles, Weight Densities of Various Materials.

Specific Gravity
Principles, Determining Specific Gravity; Picnometer and Balance, Hydrometer, Specific Gravity Balance

Fluid Flow Measurements
Basic Flow Concepts, Units of Measurement, Reynolds Numbers, Viscosity, Turn Down Ratios, Calibration Techniques; Weighing Methods; Dynamic, Static, Volumetric Method; Calibrated Tank, Piston/Cylinder

Flow Measurement Devices
Differential Pressure Meters; Orifices, Venturi tubes, Flow tubes, Flow nozzles, Pitot tubes, Elbow meters, Target meters, Variable-area meters, Positive Displacement Meters, Reciprocating piston meters, Oval-gear meters, Nutating-disk meters, Rotary-vane meters, Velocity Meters; Turbine meters, Vortex meters, Electromagnetic meters, Ultrasonic flowmeters, Mass Flowmeters; Coriolis meters, Thermal-type mass flowmeters

Measures Continuous Level and Interface in Critical Conditions

Fluid signal square root extractor

A square root signal extractor generates an output signal which is a square root function of an input signal. First and second diaphragm amplifiers have cascaded output chambers connected to a high gain output amplifier.

Differential pressure transmitter

A differential pressure transmitter, a pneumatically operated square root extracting device therefor and methods of making the same are provided, the transmitter having a rod operatively interconnecting a movable wall with a cam roller to cause the roller to roll on a flat surface as the value of the pressure in an output chamber

Dual Pulse Input Channels

Laureate 4-20 mA output, pulse input frequency, rate and period transmitters accept two independently scalable input channels from a wide range of pulse sources, such as NPN or PNP proximity switches, contact closures, digital logic, magnetic pickups down to 12 mV, or AC

Quality Measurement INTRO4U2U

Zirconium Dioxide, SENSOR Analyser

Electrochemical Sensor:
The electrochemical sensor is, as stated above, by far the commonest type used in a flue gas analyzer. The basic functioning of an oxygen sensor is similar to a battery. It functions as a current source. The lifetime depends on the amount of electrolyte and material present for the reaction, as well as the

The Purpose of analysers

Briefly I wil explain you the purpose of analysers:
Process Analysers are used to measure one or more components of the fluid it analyses. The instruments used in such analysis are called analytical instruments or anaysers; They can be used for continuous on-line and batch measurements

Flame ionisation gas analysers FID GC, mass spectrometry MS

Analytical equipment has progressed over the years from analogue instruments born in the laboratory to new digital analytical equipment designed for specific applications. The analyser list has grown; we can now add flame ionisation detection gas analysers (FID), gas chromatography (GC), and mass spectrometry (MS). While there are other methods in use today and others

Flame ionisation detection (FID)

Flame ionisation detection (FID) techniques are widely used to measure hydrocarbons. During the combustion of organic substances, in a hydrogen flame, electrically charged particles are produced. The resulting current of these ions is proportional to the organic carbon content. FIDs have very large dynamic ranges, from 10 to 100,000 mg of organic carbon / cubic

GC, O2, CO2, H2S, Analyser Measurement

The sample gas is piped via the heated sampling filter (2) and the heated sampling pipe (4) to the heated sample-gas feed (5) . The heated cell of the FTIR spectrometer (11) protrudes directly into the heated sample-gas feed. Behind the gas outlet of the cell and FID (12) can be connected for measuring hydrocarbons

Oxygen Sensors – ANALYSER Measurement

Electrochemical Sensor:
The electrochemical sensor is, as stated above, by far the commonest type used in a flue gas analyzer. The basic functioning of an oxygen sensor is similar to a battery. It functions as a current source. The lifetime depends on the amount of electrolyte and material present for the reaction, as well as the

DCS PLC Theory & Application INTRO4U2U

Siemens Advanced Ultrasonic Level Controller

With Sitrans LUC500, Siemens Automation and Drives (A&D) introduces an advanced ultrasonic level controller for duplex lift stations run by operators of water and wastewater plants. Its design integrates common PLC lift station functionalities into one preconfigured unit. The device improves efficiency, reduces energy consumption and maintenance costs by decreasing pump failures and site visits

4 – 20 mA Signals in Instrumentation

Wherever a process is being monitored or controlled you find 4 – 20mA dc as the standard analog signal of choice. There are others such as 0 – 5V dc and of course the many digital signal standards. As process variables: 4 – 20mA signals emerge from signal converters and transducers (= transmitters) representing variables

What is a process plant Safety Instrumented System (SIS)

Any process loop identified as a safety system is referred to as a Safety Instrumented System (SIS). In the past, these loops were defined as Emergency Shutdown (ESD) or Safety Shutdown (SSD). The purpose of an SIS is to reduce the risk of an accident.
SIS loops defined: “An SIS is a distinct, reliable system used

Process Controller, Batch Controller & DCS Manufacturers

Manufacturers of Process Controllers, Batch Controllers & DCS
Directory of Manufacturers of Distributed Control Systems (DCS), Process Controllers, and Batch Controllers, Products & SoftwareSiemens Energy & Automation, Inc. is dedicated to providing complete electrical, engineering and automation solutions, along with the right products, software, services to our clients worldwide. Our dedicated team of more than 12,000

Ladder logic

Ladder logic is a method of drawing electrical logic schematics. It is now a graphical language very popular for programming Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). It was originally invented to describe logic made from relays. The name is based on the observation that programs in this language resemble ladders, with two vertical “rails” and a series

IEC-61131-3 PLC

IEC-61131-3 is a standard for PLC programming languages. The standard includes the definition of the Sequential Function Chart language, used to structure the internal organization of a program, and four inter-operable programming languages: Instruction List, Ladder Diagram, Function Block Diagram and Structured Text. Via decomposition into logical elements, modularization and modern software techniques, each program

Distributed Control System (DCS)

A distributed control system (DCS) refers to a control system usually of a manufacturing system or process or any kind of dynamic system, in which the controller elements are not central in location (like the brain) but are distributed throughout the system with each component sub-system under the control of one or more controllers.

Enhanced IEC 61131-3: Proven standard fit for future

The international standard “IEC 61131-3″ was released in 1993 and, since its adoption, has become widely accepted by the international user and vendor community. Today, it is, as such, the worldwide recognized standard for programming and configuring industrial control devices. The popularity of IEC 61131-3 in the industry is evident. The world’s leading industrial control

Applications Installations LEVEL, FLOAT DISPLACER

In the tilt switch (Figure 7-6C), a mercury element or relay is mounted inside a plastic float; the float’s electrical cable is strapped to a pipe inside the tank or sump. As the level rises and falls, the float tilts up and down, thus opening and closing its electric contact. The free length of the

Interface Applications

When measuring the interface between a heavy liquid and a light liquid (such as oil on water), the top connection of the displacer is placed into the light and the bottom connection into the heavy liquid layer. If the output of such a transmitter is set to zero when the chamber is full of the

Float Control Valves

Float-operated control valves combine level measurement and level control functions into a single level regulator. While simple and inexpensive, they are limited to applications involving small flows and small pressure drops across the valve. This is because the force available to throttle the valve is limited to that provided by the buoyant force acting on

pH measurement

pH measurement equipment is used for a host of applications across a variety of industries. Getting the best from this equipment requires consideration of a range of factors to achieve optimum efficiency and cost effectiveness. Mike Modla, Product Manager, ABB Limited, offers a selection of tips on how to get the best performance from your

Vibration Switches : Level Measurement

Normally, Solitel vibrates at a frequency of approximately 350 Hz. This vibration is created by exciting the transmit piezoelectric crystal attached at the base of the outer rod. The piezoelectric crystal converts electrical energy to mechanical (vibratory) energy. Both the inner and outer rods have the same natural frequency (the frequency at which a body […]

HIGH PERFORMANCE MULTIPHASE METERING

Multiphase meter development over the last twenty years has produced a variety of commercially available meters that have already brought large savings to the oil industry. In high production cost areas such as the North Sea, the potential applications call for meters with a significantly higher performance. This need for higher performance is set in

Level measurements info notes INTRO4U2U.com

Level is measured at the position of the interface between phases, where the phases are liquid/gas, solid/gas, or immiscible liquid/liquid. Level is simply a measure of height. It defines the position of the interface, that is, the surface where the two phases meet with respect to a reference point. This measurement is often converted to

Pressure sensors LEVEL Measurement

Since level can be determined by pressure, or head, many pressure measuring devices are used for indicating level.
· Hydrostatic Pressure
A liquid at rest in a vessel exerts a pressure on the walls of the vessel. At any given point the pressure on the wall of the vessel is proportional to the vertical distance between that

Electrical Sensors

· Capacitance
A capacitor consists of two plates separated from each other by an insulating material called a dielectric. In applications involving capacitance measuring devices, one side of the process container acts as one plate and an immersion electrode is used as the other. The dielectric is either air or the material in the vessel.

Remote seal pressure transmitters

Measuring pressure is not always as simple as it seems. In many cases, the sensing elements of pressure transmitters cannot come into direct contact with the process fluid for fear of corrosion, clogging of capillaries and product purity concerns. However, if the pressure measuring elements are not properly designed for the application, they can generate additional problems.

Mechanical seals

Mechanical seals are used to keep contamination from entering an enclosure. They can also be used to containing pressure or in equipment that necessitates rotation, such as compressors and pumps. The mechanical seal can be categorized into two types, pusher types and nonpusher or bellows types. Pusher seals are inexpensive and easily available in a wide range of configurations and sizes. They operate by using a secondary seal